- •Introduction
- •1. Basic approaches to translation and interpretation.
- •2. Translation as intercultural communication.
- •S1 r1 s2 r2 stage 1 stage 3
- •Stage 2
- •Lecture 2
- •1. Translation as a human activity and a mysterious phenomenon.
- •2. Ambiguity problem in translation.
- •Concept
- •Denotatum
- •3. Disambiguation tools.
- •Lecture 3
- •1. Definitions of theory, model and algorithm.
- •2. Language modeling.
- •3. Translation as an object of linguistic modeling.
- •Lecture 4
- •1. The process of translation that creates the product.
- •2. Orientation towards different approaches to investigate the process of translation.
- •3. Requirements for a theory of translation.
- •Lecture 5
- •2. Transformational approach.
- •3. Denotative approach.
- •Transformational Approach
- •Denotative Approach
- •Lecture 6
- •1. Communicational approach. The notion of thesaurus.
- •2. Distributional approach.
- •Lecture 7
- •1. The translator: knowledge and skills.
- •2. Ideal bilingual competence.
- •3. Expertise.
- •4. Communicative competence.
- •Lecture 8
- •1. Stages of the process of translation.
- •2. Editing the source text.
- •3. Interpretation of the source text.
- •4. Interpretation in a new language.
- •5. Formulating the translated text.
- •6. Editing the translated text.
- •Lecture 9
- •3. Instantaneous translation.
- •4. Specific skills required for interpreting “by ear” (at viva voce).
- •Lecture 10
- •1. The level of lexis.
- •2. Sentence level.
- •Lecture 11
- •1. Discourse level.
- •2. The level of variety.
- •3. Elaboration on vocabulary exchange as a method of studying the language of translation.
- •Lecture 12
- •1. Reference theory.
- •2. Componential analysis.
- •3. Meaning postulates.
- •Lecture 13
- •1. Lexical and semantic fields.
- •2. Denotation and connotation.
- •Lecture 14
- •1. Relations of words and sentence to one another.
- •2. Utterance, sentence and proposition.
- •Lecture 15
- •1. Text, context and discourse.
- •2. Levels of contextual abstraction.
- •3. Types of contexts.
- •4. Contextual relationships.
- •Lecture 16
- •1. Cohesion and coherence.
- •Lecture 17
- •1. Formal typologies.
- •3. Text processing (knowledge): syntactic, semantic, pragmatic.
- •Lecture 18
- •1. Interconnection between text production and text reception.
- •2. Problem-solving and text-processing.
- •2. Synthesis: writing. Strategies and tactics.
- •3. Analysis: reading.
- •Робоча навчальна програма дисципліни “теорія перекладу” для напрямків підготовки (спеціальностей): 60305, 7030507.
3. Translation as an object of linguistic modeling.
Since a language is a model, linguistic modeling is the modeling of a model.
In translation modeling we deal with two languages, we should model the concept in a different way rather than only through the relevant languages, i. e. through situation, through speakers image and their behavior.
Having considered all this, we shall come to understanding that as an object of linguistic modeling translation is a complex entity consisting of the following interrelated components:
1. elements and structures of the source text;
2. elements and structures of the target text;
3. transformation rules to transform the elements and structures of the source text into those of target one;
4. system of the languages involved in translation;
5. conceptual content and organization of the source text;
6. conceptual content and organization of the target text;
7. interrelation of the conceptual content of the source and target texts.
In shot, translation is functional interaction of languages (Комиссаров В. Н. Лингвистика перевода. - М.,1981).
During translation you fulfil the following operations:
1. deduce the rules of equivalent selection and substitution on the basis of observed events (source text elements);
2. build a model consisting of the TL elements selected for substitution and the deduced rules.
3. generate the TT(target text) on the basis of this model.
So, speaking very generally, to model translation you should, at least, take into account both the grammatical and semantic aspects of the language units involved. However, the preference given to this or another aspect is very much dependent on general approach, i. e. on translation theories which is our next subject.
Lecture 4
What is translation theory?
Main points:
1. The process of translation that creates the product.
2. Orientation towards different approaches to investigate the process of translation.
3. Requirements for a theory of translation.
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1. The process of translation that creates the product.
We have been arguing that advances in translation theory can only be achieved through study of the process of translation. It is the process that creates the product and it is only by understanding the process that we can hope to help ourselves or others to improve their skills as translators. (Beaugrand, 1978, 26).
Bassnett-McGuire (1980, 37) adopts a descriptive rather than prescriptive approach to our investigation of the process, recognizing that the purpose of translation theory is:
a) to reach on understanding of the processes undertaken in the act of translation,
b) provide a set of norms for effecting the perfect translation.
2. Orientation towards different approaches to investigate the process of translation.
Our orientation has to be towards the objective specification of the steps and stages through which the translator works as the source text in the original language is transformed into the target text; a focus on the process which creates the translation rather than on the translation itself.
Translation studies must:
1) be re-oriented towards description, whether of process or product, and away from prescription and
2) the most revealing way of dealing with the product is within the conventions of text-linguistics.
A theory is an explanation of a phenomenon, it exists in the mind, it has no tangible manifestation, it is an idea which constitutes the internal representation of a phenomenon.
A model, in contrast, an external rather than an internal representation of the explanation; a realization of the theory.