- •Introduction
- •1. Basic approaches to translation and interpretation.
- •2. Translation as intercultural communication.
- •S1 r1 s2 r2 stage 1 stage 3
- •Stage 2
- •Lecture 2
- •1. Translation as a human activity and a mysterious phenomenon.
- •2. Ambiguity problem in translation.
- •Concept
- •Denotatum
- •3. Disambiguation tools.
- •Lecture 3
- •1. Definitions of theory, model and algorithm.
- •2. Language modeling.
- •3. Translation as an object of linguistic modeling.
- •Lecture 4
- •1. The process of translation that creates the product.
- •2. Orientation towards different approaches to investigate the process of translation.
- •3. Requirements for a theory of translation.
- •Lecture 5
- •2. Transformational approach.
- •3. Denotative approach.
- •Transformational Approach
- •Denotative Approach
- •Lecture 6
- •1. Communicational approach. The notion of thesaurus.
- •2. Distributional approach.
- •Lecture 7
- •1. The translator: knowledge and skills.
- •2. Ideal bilingual competence.
- •3. Expertise.
- •4. Communicative competence.
- •Lecture 8
- •1. Stages of the process of translation.
- •2. Editing the source text.
- •3. Interpretation of the source text.
- •4. Interpretation in a new language.
- •5. Formulating the translated text.
- •6. Editing the translated text.
- •Lecture 9
- •3. Instantaneous translation.
- •4. Specific skills required for interpreting “by ear” (at viva voce).
- •Lecture 10
- •1. The level of lexis.
- •2. Sentence level.
- •Lecture 11
- •1. Discourse level.
- •2. The level of variety.
- •3. Elaboration on vocabulary exchange as a method of studying the language of translation.
- •Lecture 12
- •1. Reference theory.
- •2. Componential analysis.
- •3. Meaning postulates.
- •Lecture 13
- •1. Lexical and semantic fields.
- •2. Denotation and connotation.
- •Lecture 14
- •1. Relations of words and sentence to one another.
- •2. Utterance, sentence and proposition.
- •Lecture 15
- •1. Text, context and discourse.
- •2. Levels of contextual abstraction.
- •3. Types of contexts.
- •4. Contextual relationships.
- •Lecture 16
- •1. Cohesion and coherence.
- •Lecture 17
- •1. Formal typologies.
- •3. Text processing (knowledge): syntactic, semantic, pragmatic.
- •Lecture 18
- •1. Interconnection between text production and text reception.
- •2. Problem-solving and text-processing.
- •2. Synthesis: writing. Strategies and tactics.
- •3. Analysis: reading.
- •Робоча навчальна програма дисципліни “теорія перекладу” для напрямків підготовки (спеціальностей): 60305, 7030507.
2. Sentence level.
Three points should be studied measuring syntactic complexity.
a) Comparing syntactic complexity.
Measuring syntactic complexity uses descriptive grammar to measure a number of grammatical aspects of text or a given variety of language. First, types of clauses, whether coordinated or subordinated, and the degree of embeddedness (відповідність) are calculated in each sentence. Then types of phrases, each word, each phrase and each clause. This technique is used to measure syntactic and grammatical complexity in a given variety of language.
b) Comparing morphological forms.
It is known that every language has its morphological system which defines the morphological forms and potential forms of derivations from new lexical items. Some forms are regular, others are conventionally transmitted. When translated texts are studied at the morphological level, the researcher will have the chance to meet many morphological forms which are not typically found in the TL , but have been coined in imitation of the source language morphological system.
c) Measuring translation-specific grammatical features.
The researcher can classify the grammatical structures specific to the language of translation when they are found, and can specify their different functions and structures characteristic or the grammar of the TL and the extent of their manipulation in translation data.
Lecture 11
The Language of Translation
Main points:
1. Discourse level.
2. The level of variety.
3. Elaboration on vocabulary exchange as a method of studying the language of translation.
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1. Discourse level.
Five points can be recognized.
a)Discourse structure.
It is possible to study “text structuring” in the broad sense of the term. The result would be the recognition of a sequence of scenes in a play or a sequence of topics, etc. The study of discourse “structure” in the narrow sense of term requires identifying the unit of discourse structure in a given variety of language, and the relationships between the units. The study of the textual organization in a translated text constitutes one of the aspects of discourse analysis of translation corpora (кодекс) /k : p r /.
In a translated text the higher units of discourse structure and the smaller constituent elements inside them may well be found to reflect the source text and thus produce unknown or uncommon organization features in the TL.
The translator in such a case is introducing a new text-type to the TL. This function of the translator is by no means a new one.
b) Number of lines in a poem.
The number of lines in a poem or stanza (строфа) /stænz /.has a poetic function in the case of sonnet /´sonit /. A simple measurement of the difference between a poem and its translation, is to count the lines and examine the development of the topic, or “topic structuring” in the translated poem.
c) Comparing conventional discourse functions.
There are textual functions which are determined by virtual of other functions in the text and which are arbitrary and conventional (умовний). Convention should be understood in the sense which has gained its meaning in text by use. An example of formulaic (загальноприйнятий) use of language is the convention of “Dear Sir / Madam” at the beginning of a letter in English.
d) Comparing the interactive (interpersonal) function.
It will enable the researcher to observe the type and degree of deviation in the translated text. The interactive function, which is a manifestation of the social function of language in discourse, can provide another aspect of the difference between the translated text and the TL.
e) Comparing variety specific discourse function.
Such comparison enable the researcher to specify the characteristics of a given discourse function as it appears in the SL, the TL and the language of translation.
The specific discourse function being investigated may not be found to be differently realized - lexico-grammatical and / or discourse feature differences - in the same variety of language.