III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is waterline?

2. How does temperature affect the level?

3. What is the purpose of a load line?

4. How is the freeboard measured?

5. What symbol do all commercial ships have?

6. When are the first official loading regulations thought to date back?

7. Who introduced the first 19^th century loading recommendations?

8. What is the meaning of a “Plimsoll Mark”?

9. What do the initials used include?

10. Should the initials be approximately 115 mm in height and 75 mm in width?

11. What do the letters on the Load line marks mean?

IV. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences:

1. For vessels with displacement hulls, the hull speed is determined by the waterline length.

2. An international load line or Plimsoll line indicates the maximum safe draft.

3. The exact location of the Load Line is calculated and verified by a Classification Society.

4. In the 1860s due to the increasing losses of ships a British MP, Samuel Plimsoll, took up the load line case.

5. In a sailing boat, the length of the waterline can change significantly as the boat heels and can dynamically affect the speed of the boat.

V. Use the words and word combinations in the sentences of your own:

An imaginary line, to provide buoyancy, to have freeboard, to have a loadline symbol, to show the maximum draft, to be introduced by smb, amidships.

VI. Translate the text “The summer load line”

The Summer load line is the primary load line and it is from this mark that all other marks are derived. The position of the summer load line is calculated from the Load Line Rules and depends on many factors such as length of ship, type of ship, type and number of superstructures, amount of sheer, bow height and so on. The horizontal line through the circle of the Plimsoll mark is at the same level as the summer load line.

The Winter load line is one forty-eighth of the summer load draft below the summer load line.

The Tropical load line is one forty-eighth of the summer load draft above the summer load line.

The Fresh Water load line is an amount equal to millimeters above the summer load line where is the displacement in metric tonnes at the summer load draft and T is the metric tonnes per centimeter immersion at that draft.

In any case where cannot be ascertained the fresh water load line is at the same level as the tropical load line.

The position of the Tropical Fresh load line relative to the tropical load line is found in the same way as the fresh water load line is to the summer load line. The Winter North Atlantic load line is used by vessels not exceeding 100 metres in length when in certain areas of the North Atlantic Ocean during the winter period. When assigned it is 50 millimeters below the winter mark.

VII. Insert the missing words using the text:

1. … refers to an imaginary line marking the level at which … or boat floats in water.

2. The purpose of a load line is … that a ship has sufficient … and thus sufficient reserve ….

3. All commercial ships have a load … … painted … on each side of the ship.

4. The first 19^th century loading recommendations were introduced by … … of British and Foreign Shipping in ….

5. The original “Plimsoll Mark” was a circle with … … through it to show the maximum … that a ship may load to.