III. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a bow?

2. How is the other end of the boat called?

3. What is the term bow derived from?

4. What is the bow designed for?

5. What is stern?

6. What is the result of seawater washing?

7. Traditionally, the stern was an upright timber or metal bar into which side planks or plates were joined, wasn’t it?

IV. Translate the text: “Figurehead”

A figurehead is a carved wooden decoration, often female or bestial, found at the prow of ships of the 16th to the 19th century. The practice was introduced with the galleons of the 16th century, as although earlier ships had often had some form of bow ornamentation, the figurehead as such could not come to be until ships had an actual head structure upon which to place it.

As with the stern ornamentation, the purpose of the figurehead was often to indicate the name of the ship in a non-literate society (albeit in a sometimes very convoluted manner); and always, in the case of naval ships, to demonstrate the wealth and might of the owner. At the height of the Baroque period, some ships of the line boasted gigantic figureheads, weighing several tons and sometimes twinned on both sides of the bowsprit.

A large figurehead, being carved from massive wood and perched on the very foremost tip of the hull, adversely affected the sailing qualities of the ship.

Figureheads as such died out with the sailing ship. Early steamships, however, did sometimes have gilt scroll-work and coats-of-arms at their bows. This practice lasted up until about World War I.

In Germany, Belgium, and Holland, it was once believed that spirits/faeries called Klaboutermannikins (water manikins) dwelt in the figureheads. The spirit guarded the ship from sickness, rocks, storms, and dangerous winds. If the ship sank, the Klaboutermannikin guided the sailors' souls to the Land of the Dead. To sink without a Klaboutermannikin condemned the sailor's soul to haunt the sea forever, so Dutch sailors believed.

V. Use the following words and word combinations in the sentences of your own:

A nautical term, forward part of the hull, to be underway, to come from old days, to be derived from, to provide the strength for smth, to reduce the resistance, to prevent water from smth, to maximize the volume of the ship, the ship’s centerline, to reduce the wetness of the bow.

VI. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences:

1. A "wet bow" results from seawater washing over the top of the hull.

2. The forward part of the bow, usually on the ship's centerline, is called the stem.

3. The term bow comes from the old days of timber boat building.

4. The term bow is derived from the use of the trunk and a bow (bough) or large limb of a tree.

5. The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it.

VII. Insert the missing word using the text:

1. The bow is a … … that refers to the forward part of … of a ship.

2. The term … comes from the old days of … … building.

3. The bow is designed to reduce … of the hull cutting through water.

4. … part of the …, usually on the ship’s centerline is called …

5. Aside from making … …, water can corrode the metal of the ship.