III. Answer the following questions:

1. What engines do modern ships use?

2. How can the rotating crankshaft power?

3. When did the reciprocating marine diesel engine first come into use?

4. Diesel engines offer greater efficiency than the steam turbine, don’t they?

5. How are diesel engines classified?

6. What do most modern larger ships use?

7. Is the size of the different types of engines an important factor in selecting what will be installed in a new ship?

8. What is the difference between two-stroke and four-stroke engines?

9. What do propulsion systems consist of?

IV. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences:

1. Many warships built since the 1960s have used gas turbines for propulsion.

2. Ship propelled by medium or high speed diesel engines may have one or two propellers.

3. Hull materials and vessel size play a large part in determing the method of construction.

4. Larger boats and ships generally have multiple decks and compartments.

5. On modern cargo ships, superstructures are almost always located near the ship’s stern.

6. The size of the different types of engines is an important factor in selecting what will be installed in a new ship.

V. Complete the following sentences, using the text:

1. The rotating crankshaft can power …

2. The reciprocating marine diesel engine first came …

3. Most modern larger ships use …

4. The size of the different types of engines …

5. As space higher up in passenger ships …

6. Multiple engine installations also give …

7. Ships propelled by medium or …

8. Slow speed two-stroke engines …

VI. Use the following words and word combinations in sentences of your own:

To power the propeller directly, via a gearbox, to come into use, to put in service, to offer greater efficiency, to be classified according to, to have a maximum speed, to install in a new ship, at a premium, in the event of mechanical failure

VII. Translate the text “Propulsion systems.”

Propulsion systems for ships and boats vary from the simple paddle to the largest diesel engines in the world. These systems fall into three categories: human propulsion, sailing, and mechanical propulsion. Human propulsion includes the pole, still widely used in marshy areas, rowing which was used even on large galleys, and the pedals. In modern times, human propulsion is found mainly on small boats or as auxiliary propulsion on sailboats.

Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays and spars and controlled by ropes. Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the nineteenth century. They are now generally used for recreation and racing, although experimental sail systems, such as the kites/royals, turbo sails, rotor sails, wing sails and SkySails's own kite buoy-system have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel savings.

Mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of a motor or engine turning a propeller. Steam engines were first used for this purpose, but have mostly been replaced by two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Electric motors have sometimes been used, such as on submarines. Nuclear reactors are sometimes employed to propel warships and icebreakers.