III. Answer the following questions:

1. What does the term hard chine indicate?

2. How is a method of building hard chine boat hulls called?

3. What is the oldest type of engineered boats?

4. How are traditional planked hulls built?

5. Is the scow the first significant example of a hard chine sailing vessel?

6. Can you describe the punt?

IV. Read and translate the text: “Plank hulls”

The limitations of wood plank construction, the desire to maximize cargo volume, and the quest for fast, easy hull building led to a new type of construction method unique to chined hulls. This new method used wooden supports placed along the chines called chine logs to provide strength where the chines joined. Beams are then attached to the chine log to support planks running parallel to the chine, while cross-planked sections such as a typical scow bottom may be attached directly to the chine log. This method of construction originated with the sailing scow and continues to be used today, primarily in home built boats. Use of a chine log provides some structural support, but most chine log hulls are primarily monocoque in nature, with the hull planking itself bearing most of the structural load.

Chine log construction works best for hulls where the sides join a flat bottom at a right angle, but it can be used for other angles as well with an appropriately angled chine log. Builders of small boats such as punts, where the plank thickness is relatively large compared to the size of the hull, can dispense with the chine log and nail intersecting planks directly into one another.

V. Ask as many questions as possible:

1. Chine log construction is a method of building hard chine boat hulls.

2. The oldest type of engineered boats is dugout canoes, which were built by hollowing out a log.

3. Punts are generally used for recreation and are popular with duck hunters for their ability to move about in marshy hunting areas.

4. The scow was the first significant example of a hard chine sailing vessel.

5. A chined hull built out of plywood will often be designed to keep most of the joints between the plywood sheets at the chines, thus making the building process easier.

VI. Comment on the use of Participle I, II.

VII. Read and think about the types of chine hulls. Constructing a chined hull

Construction of a chined hull is subject to many different parameters than a round hull, both positive and negative:

• The sharp angles do not favor bent wooden frames

• The wide, flat panels may be cross-planked, where the planks may run perpendicular to the keel rather than parallel to it

• Planks may be of any width, not just a width small enough to approximate the curve of the hull, and most planks can be cut with square edges

• Flat sections do not provide the stiffness of a rounded section

The simplest type of chine construction would be the single chine "V" shape, with two flat panels joined at the keel (A). This type of hull is among the simplest to build, but due to the lack of stability of a narrow "V" and the lack of freeboard on a wide "V", single chine hulls are generally only seen on multihull sailboats, which often use two deep "V" shaped hulls connected by akas to provide mutual stability.

Fig. 28. Different numbers of chines

The two chine hull (B), with a flat bottom and nearly vertical sides, was the first hard chine design to achieve widespread use. This design provides far more stability than the single chine hull, with minimum draft and a large cargo capacity. These characteristics make the two chine hull popular for punts, barges, and the scows.

The three chine hull (C) is probably the most common hard chine hull. Having a shallow "V" in the bottom and near-vertical panels above that, it approximates the shape of traditional rounded hull boats fairly well, and is common even in fiberglass designs where employing chines offers no advantage in construction.

Designs with higher numbers of chines (D), often just called multichine hulls, are also common. Kayaks, in particular, are often composed of many chines, required for the complex shapes needed to provide good performance under various conditions. By increasing the number of chines, the hull can very closely approximate a round bottomed hull.

It is possible to refer to the different hulls by the numbers of the flat panels that make up the boat. Thus A is a two panel boat, B is a three panel boat, C is a four panel boat and D is a six panel boat.

VIII. Use the following words and word combinations in the sentences of your own:

A relatively sharp angle with little rounding, a method of building, to hollow out a log, to make best use of the round shape, to place wooden planks, waterflow, to form the keel, to provide the maximum cargo carrying capacity, the first significant example of smth, a laden scow, to use a hard chined construction method, a square bow and stern, to refer to smth.

IX. Complete the following sentences:

1. A chine in boating refers to a …

2. The term hard chine indicates …

3. Chine log construction is a method …

4. The oldest type of engineered boats …

5. Traditional planked hulls in …

6. The scow in the form of the scow schooner …

7. River steamboats were …

8. The punt is one of the older …

X. Give summary of the text, due to the plan:

• What is chine?

• Construction of chine hulls.

• Types of chine hulls.