The table

INVENTION	DATE		INVENTOR		COUNTRY
Automobile (internal combustion)	1887		Gottlieb Daimler Karl Benz (independently)		Germany
Barometer	1643		Evangelista Torricelli		Italy
Battery (electric)	1800		Alessandro Volta		Italy
Camera (photographic)	1822		Joseph N. Niepce		France
Cellophane	1900		Jacques Brandenberger		Switzerland
Dynamite	1866		Alfred B. Nobel		Sweden
Electric motor	1822		Michael Faraday		England
Helicopter (man-carrying)	1907		Paul Cornu		France
Jet engine	1937		Frank Whittle		England
Microscope	1590		Zacharias Janssen		Netherlands
Motion pictures	1895		Louis & Auguste Lumiere		France
Sewing machine	1790		Thomas Saint		England
Steam engine	1628		Edwaed Somerset		England
Telescope	1608		Hans Lipperhey		Netherlands
Thermometer (mercury)		1714	Gabriel D. Fahrenheit	Germany

BASIC SOURCE: The New York Times Encyclopedic Almanac

Exercise 4. Say it in English.

Мысль о разработке двигателя высокой экономичности впервые возникла у Дизеля, когда он был ещё студентом Политехнического института. Вскоре это стало основной программой его жизни.

Став инженером, Дизель всё свободное время отдавал своему изобретению. И наконец, долгие и мучительные поиски увенчались успехом. В 1892г. он получил патент на изобретённый им двигатель внутреннего сгорания.

В 1893 году Дизель выпустил книгу, в которой изложил принципы работы своего двигателя. Впоследствии он многое изменил и усовершенствовал. Двигатель, известный нам теперь и названный именем его изобретателя, был построен впервые в 1897г.

Первые образцы двигателей не всегда были удачными. Их автору приходилось выслушивать немало упрёков. Но, несмотря на все неприятности, он от дела не отступал.

В 1898г. двигатели Дизеля начали строить в России на петербургском заводе. Они работали успешно. А в 1904г. по Волге пошёл первый в мире теплоход «Сармат», двигал его дизель-мотор. К Дизелю пришла слава. Его двигатель находил всё новые применения. Многие страны приглашали к себе изобретателя.

В 1910г. Дизеля восторженно встречала Россия, несколько позже – Америка.

Exercise 5. A. Read the abstract given below.

Ten Wonders of the Modern World

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were gigantic statues or architectural splendors. Journalist Leslie Lieber conducted a survey of distinguished scientists to find out what they would name as the wonders of the modern age. Their answers are summarized below.

1. Electromagnetic wave theory. Radio, television, radar, and other wonders of the electronic age rest on a series of mathematical equations first written by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864.

2. Palomar telescope. The 200-inch Hale reflector at Palomar Mountain in California has enabled man to get his first realistic estimate of the size and age of the universe.

3. Electron microscope. This powerful instrument magnifies particles up to 200,000 times. It is laying the foundation for extended knowledge of disease, heredity, and the basic structure of many materials.

4. Controlled release of atomic energy. Atomic reactors vastly multiply man’s available energy. Giant proton accelerators are helping to unlock the secrets of the basic structure of matter.

5. Laser: The laser permits light to transmit signals, drill through hard substances, and fight disease.

6. Transistor. The tiny transistor, replacing relatively bulky electron tubes, permits the development of highly complex electronic systems necessary in space research, communication, and modern computers.

7. Electronic computers. These amazing memory machines not only perform a wide range of practical tasks, such as preparing paychecks and utility bills, but also aid man in making decisions hitherto impossible.

8. Bioelectronics. New hope for heart disease patients exists in the form of the electronic circuit with miniaturized parts capable of maintaining a regular heartbeat.

9. Biochemistry. Scientists in this field have contributed to man’s knowledge of vitamins, antibiotics, and most recently, the chemical basis of heredity in their study of the chemistry of life.

10. Man’s own possibilities. The philosopher-scientist points to discoveries of man’s potentialities, such as the possibility of applying scientific knowledge to technological improvements, of erasing discrimination and social evils, and – hopefully – of controlling war.

B. Interview your group-mates to find out their opinion about the wonders of the modern world. Here are some questions you can ask:

1. What can you say about the listed wonders?

2. Do you agree with scientist about the wonders of the modern age?

3. Which of the listed wonders do you think are the most important to the world?

4. Would you add to the list or shorten it?

1. Is information up-to-date?

5. Do you think there are any other things and ideas that may be named as the wonders of the modern world?

6. Which of the listed wonders do we use everyday and consider a common thing nowadays?

Think of some other questions.

Exercise 6. Small-group discussion.

In 1930 television appeared in various countries of the world. A single invention like television can create far-reaching cultural and social changes. Nowadays there are lots of debates about advantages and disadvantages of TV. Is TV doing more harm or good?

1. Read the arguments given in the table. Think of some more. (Consult the picture on page 141.)

TV is doing more good	TV is doing more harm
We can be very informed We can enjoy ourselves without leaving our homes. We can study with the help of TV courses.	Watching TV takes a lot of time. We get very lazy and passive in our free time. Sometimes we prefer TV to reading books.

2. Discuss the problem in groups of 4-6 students in order to make a decision.

3. Fill in the chart and give your reasons.

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
TV is doing more good
TV is doing more harm

Exercise 7. Reports and Projects.

1. Describe some of changes brought about by one of the following recent inventions:

1. lasers, b) computers, c) communication satellites

2. Look up the evolution of the automobile (airplane, spaceship) in books and in the encyclopedia. Is it a product of one man?

3. List the three great inventions, which you think have meant most to the world. Are they materials, objects or ideas? Discuss in class.

4. Interview a scientist (inventor) from your University, ask him/her about and his/her invention’s and scientific work. Report your findings.

5. Visit the University or local Museum and collect information about inventors who worked in your University or region. Write a short essay.

Приложение 1

Таблица 1 The Verbs “to be, to have”

	Be	Have
Present	I am He,she, it is We, you, they are	I, we, you, they have He, she, it has
Past	I, he, she, it was We, you, they were	had
Future	I, we shall be He, she, it, you, they will be	I, we shall have He, she, it, you, they will have

Таблица 2 Личные и притяжательные местоимения

Подлежащее Именительный падеж	Дополнение Объектный падеж	Определение	Самостоятельные
I Я	Me меня, мне	My мой-я, е	Mine мой-я, е, и
We мы	Us нас, нам	Our наш-а, е	Ours наш-а, е, и
You ты	You тебя, тебе	Your твой, твоя, ё	Yours твой, ё, и
He он	Him ему, его	His его	His его
She она	Her ей, её	Her её	Hers её
It оно (неодуш.)	It (неодуш.) его, её, ему, ей	Its (неодуш.) его,её	Its (неодуш.) его, её
You вы	You вам, вас	Your ваш-а, е	Yours ваш-а, е, и
They они	Them им, их	Their их	Theirs их

Таблица 3 Возвратные местоимения.

I - myself	сам
You - yourself
He - himself
It - itself	сам, сама, само
She - herself	сама
We - ourselves	сами
You - yourselves
They - themselves

Таблица 4 There Is/Are

Is a map / \ There on the wall \ / are maps На стене есть карта/карты	was a map / \ There on the wall \ / were maps На стене была карта/карты	a map / \ There will be on the wall \ / maps На стене будет карта/карты
Is a map \ / \ there on the wall? / \ / Are maps	Was a map \ / \ there on the wall? / \ / Were maps	a map / \ Will there be on the wall? \ / maps
Yes, there is No, there are not	Yes, there was No, there were not	Yes, there will No, there will not
is no map / \ There on the wall \ / are no maps	was no map / \ There on the wall \ / were no maps	no map / \ There will be on the wall \ / no maps

Таблица 5 Degrees of Comparison

Односложные Двусложные	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
	-er-	(the) -est-
old cool big fast heavy	colder cooler bigger faster heavier	the coldest the coolest the biggest the fastest the heaviest
Многосложные	More	(the) most
difficult interesting severe exhausting quietly	more difficult more interesting more exhausting more quietly	the most difficult the most interesting the most severe the most exhausting the most quietly
good, well bad, badly many, much little far	Исключения better worse more less farther – более отдаленный further – дальнейший последующий	the best the worst the most the least the farthest the furthest

Таблица 6 The Table of Tenses