- •Learningenglish1.Ru
- •Learningenglish1.Ru
- •Предисловие
- •Contents
- •P review
- •Look at the picture and answer the questions below.
- •Which of the following happens to you for the first time when you meet someone?
- •Can you remember when and where you met some of the following people for the first time?
- •Vocabulary 1: jobs
- •Match professions with their definitions.
- •Write down at least one job from the list that would probably be impossible for these people.
- •Look at the family tree and complete the sentences below.
- •Correct the mistakes.
- •Work with a partner. What is a phrasal verb? What makes it different from other verbs? Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences.
- •Complete the text using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in Exercise b.
- •Who do you live with? Do other members of your family live near you, or do you have to travel to see them?
- •Read the statistics about families in the usa and the uk. How do you think the same statistics would be different in Russia?
- •Find the examples of Present tenses in the text “Modern families”.
- •Look at the verbs expressing attitude. Describe relationship between James, Louise and Richard.
- •Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words using the information from the sites:
- •Study the typical questions for Application Form.
- •You are going to visit your grandmother living abroad. You will need to fill in the application form similar to the one above. Write your answers.
- •Discuss.
- •Here are some verb phrases connected with daily routine.
- •V ocabulary 1: daily routine
- •Study the following. Sleep
- •Keeping clean
- •Evenings
- •Housework
- •Now complete some more word partnerships and expressions by matching the verbs on the left with the correct word on the right.
- •Fill in the gaps with appropriate words.
- •Read the following statements. Which do you think are true for your country? Compare your ideas in groups.
- •How we really spend our time
- •Write down four things from the text that you think are surprising or interesting. Compare with your partner.
- •Are you happy with the way you use your time? What would you like to spend more/less time doing? Discuss in groups.
- •Choose the best alternative between Past Simple or Past Progressive.
- •Read the text and open the brackets using Past Simple or Past Perfect tenses.
- •Supply the suitable form of past tenses.
- •Insert the proper words and write the questions.
- •Make up tag questions.
- •Make an embedded question or a new sentence from the question in brackets.
- •You are going to interview your partner in order to complete a similar pie-chart how he/she spends his/her time. First spend a few minutes preparing for the interview. Think about:
- •Vocabulary 2: work duties
- •Study the following. What do you do?
- •Working hours
- •Read the email and answer these questions:
- •Work in pairs. What do the people in the photos do?
- •How would you personally start job hunting? Use the phrases in the box to help you.
- •What do you remember about your first day at school or university? Describe your feelings and behavior (mind using Past Tenses).
- •Here are some “dos” and “don’ts” about how to behave in a new job. Can you tell which are which?
- •Read the article and find “dos” and “don’ts” from the list on the previous page.
- •Read the article again and find out why…
- •Vocabulary: personal traits
- •Match the descriptions in column b with the personality adjectives in column a. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •You will hear a manager interviewing a person for a job. Listen out for these verbs, and then use them to complete sentences 1-5.
- •Listen again to the interview and complete the notes the interviewer makes.
- •Read the short extract from the interview and recognize any constructions expressing Future Actions.
- •Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either to be going to or will form of the future tense.
- •Put the verb into the most suitable form with future meaning, Present progressive or Present simple.
- •Put the words into the correct order paying attention to the usage of tenses denoting future actions.
- •Open the brackets paying attention to the usage of tenses denoting future actions (negative/question/affirmative forms).
- •Role-play the following situation.
- •Read Adam Hall’s Curriculum Vitae (cv).
- •What do you know about Russia? Match the above pictures 1-6 with descriptions a) – f). What information can you give about the pictures?
- •Use the dictionary to find the meaning of the following words:
- •How would you say these numbers?
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Complete the fact file about Russia.
- •Match pictures 1-4 to a)-d).
- •Look at the graph below and complete the sentences with to, at, of, by.
- •Put the parts of a sentence in the correct order and describe the graph below.
- •Read a part of a business plan and draw the graph of the rate of inflation.
- •What kind of movement do the verbs below describe? Match them to the symbols. Use some symbols more than once.
- •What do you know about Tatarstan? Do the quiz and say which of the data were surprising for you?
- •Read and translate the text. History
- •Geographical position
- •The capital
- •The government
- •Industrial regions
- •Answer questions to the text. Make up a dialogue on the basis of this information.
- •Itinerary of William Smith, trip to New York, 23-26 November
- •Tell if you agree or disagree with these quotations.
- •Match phrases 1)–8) with pictures a)-f), some of them can be used more than once:
- •We say 'on the front/on the back' of a piece of paper.
- •Study the vocabulary
- •Read and translate the dialogue.
- •What countries is English the first language? Match English-speaking countries with their national flags and capitals.
- •Do you know where English is the second official language? Rearrange the letters and read some of these countries, name their capitals.
- •Module 1 Across Britain
- •Study the vocabulary from Exercises b, e.
- •Write down the italicized phrases from the text. Match them to these uses of ‘the’.
- •With a partner study the popular activities offered to tourists in England. Choose any three you would wish to do and give arguments to support your choice. Use the language skills given above.
- •Before you read, think about main characteristics of a nation's economic system.
- •Skim-read the text and compare your answers with those offered in the text.
- •Look in the text and find the following words and phrases.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Draw the table ‘Britain’s economy over the last decades’ and complete it.
- •I. Summarize the information about Britain’s Economy. Use the headings below.
- •Make a list of all geographical names mentioned in the text. Be sure that you can read them correctly. Use dictionary if necessary.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Match the words from the text with their definitions, use vertical prompts if necessary.
- •I. What is the main point made by r. Kennedy? (4) Do you agree with him?
- •Missing word cloze quiz. Choose the correct word from 1) – 8).
- •Read Canada Profile and ask questions to the given pieces of information.
- •Verb forms change in the following way:
- •Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •I. Use words from each box to make word partnerships from the text:
- •Discuss the following questions in groups.
- •You will hear a radio discussion in which two students are talking about their first few weeks in higher education. First discuss these questions.
- •Listen again. For questions 1-5, choose the best answer a, b or c.
- •Vocabulary
- •Complete the sentences with the correct word. Use each word once only.
- •Match the phrasal verbs in italics in the sentences to the definitions a) – j) below.
- •Which of these would make most students happy and why?
- •Before you read, answer these questions.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones.
- •Find words in the text that mean:
- •Choose the correct answer to the following.
- •Define the paragraph that contains the following information.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Continue the following sentences using the information from the text.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Fill in the gaps with the necessary prepositions.
- •Find the words in the text which mean:
- •Make your sentences with the words.
- •Open the brackets by putting the adjectives and adverbs into the correct form.
- •Complete the sentences using soon, well, much, many and translate them into Russian.
- •Put the words in the right order to form a statement.
- •Complete each sentence using the information in brackets.
- •Admission
- •Business star
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Say which paragraphs contain information on:
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Look through paragraphs 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, write out 6 phrasal verbs and give their Russian equivalents. Define the type each of the phrasal verbs belongs to:
- •Find in the text 9 noun chains.
- •Find in paragraphs 1, 3, 7, 8 words and word combinations with the meaning «чтобы», «чтобы не», «так, чтобы / таким образом, чтобы».
- •Say which of the following sentences presents most accurately the main idea of the text.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Look through paragraphs 1,2,4,7 and find 6 verbs which go with the word “business” and 4 collocations with this word. Give their Russian equivalents.
- •Say which paragraphs contain information on:
- •Say which of the following sentences presents most accurately the main idea of the text.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •Find in the text English equivalents to the following phrases:
- •Say whether the following statements are true, false or there is no information on the subject in the text.
- •Say which paragraphs contain the information on:
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •Find in the text words or word combinations which are equivalent in meaning to the following ones:
- •Find in the text English equivalents to the following phrases:
- •Say whether the following statements are true, false or there is no information on the subject in the text.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following agricultural terms:
- •Find in the text English equivalents to the following phrases:
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following derivatives:
- •Find in the text 10 ed-forms of English verbs and translate them into Russian paying attention to different functions they perform in the sentences.
- •Say whether the following statements are true, false or there is no information on the subject in the text.
- •Say which paragraphs contain the information on:
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •Find in the text English equivalents to the following phrases:
- •Say which paragraphs contain the information on:
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •Find in the text English equivalents to the following phrases:
- •Say whether the following statements are true, false or there is no information on the subject in the text.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases:
- •Find English equivalents to the following phrases:
- •Справочник по грамматике английского языка Cуществительное (The Noun)
- •Общие сведения об артиклях
- •Неопределенный артикль
- •Определенный артикль
- •Определённый артикль употребляется:
- •Артикли не употребляются:
- •Употребление определенного артикля
- •Множественное число имен существительных
- •Исключения
- •Личные местоимения
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Указательные местоимения
- •Вопросительные местоимения
- •Относительные местоимения
- •Возвратные местоимения
- •Неопределенные местоимения
- •Отрицательные местоимения
- •Взаимные местоимения
- •Оборот There is / There are
- •Местоимения some, any, no и их производные.
- •Имя прилагательное (The Adjective)
- •Исключения
- •Наречие (The Adverb)
- •Глагол (The Verb)
- •Основные глагольные формы
- •Инфинитив
- •Причастие I
- •Формы причастия
- •Функции причастия I
- •Причастие II
- •Функции причастия II
- •1. Определением.
- •Герундий
- •Функции герундия
- •Повелительное наклонение.
- •Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
- •Can / could
- •To be able to
- •May / might
- •To be allowed to to be permitted to
- •To have (to)
- •Условные придаточные предложения
- •Условные предложения 0 типа
- •Условные предложения I типа
- •Союзы условных придаточных предложений.
- •Правило согласования времен
- •Косвенные вопросы
- •Косвенные команды, просьбы
- •Интернет-ресурсы, использованные при составлении учебного пособия:
- •Learningenglish1.Ru
Vocabulary
Do you know what these abbreviations stand for? Search a dictionary or the Internet if necessary: The US, the Fed, GDP, the EU, BRIC
Match the words from the text with their definitions, use vertical prompts if necessary.
entrepreneur |
things that are produced in order to be sold |
страхование товары объем производства ВНП находящийся в частом владении услуги предприниматель потребитель конгломерат |
privately owned (business) |
a particular type of help or work that is provided by a business to a customer, but not only one that involves producing goods |
|
consumer |
the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine, factory etc |
|
goods |
the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country, including income from abroad |
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services |
belonging to a private organization |
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output
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an arrangement with a company in which you pay them money each year and they pay the costs if anything bad happens to you |
|
insurance |
a large business organization consisting of several different companies that joined together |
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conglomerate |
someone who buys and uses products or services |
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gross national product |
someone who starts a company, arranges business deals and takes risks in order to make a profit |
D. Look at the text below and find English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
1 брать свое начало; в поисках заработка/для улучшения экономического положения/чтобы заработать деньги; по многим меркам; единое экономическое пространство/единое экономическое целое/единая экономическая система; экономический рост; рабочая сила; высшие должностные лица в правительстве и в бизнесе;
2 составлять часть экономической системы; разные виды предприятий; расширить предприятие; выдача компанией лицензии на производство или продажу товаров под ее маркой; индивидуальное предпринимательство; торговая сеть; доход от продаж; рыночные ниши; удовлетворять потребности своего региона; фирмы, имеющие дело с компьютерной техникой; программное обеспечение; служба доставки/курьерская почта; построение/организация компьютерной сети; крупные бизнес подразделения/бизнес единицы; выдавать разрешение на учреждение корпорации; рассматривать/считать;
3 смешанная экономика; система свободного предпринимательства; поддерживать/обеспечивать высокий уровень занятости; фискальная/финансовая политика; монетарная/кредитно-денежная политика; денежная масса; регулировать федеральные расходы и налоги;
4 ВВП; рынок жилья; оптовая торговля; розничная торговля; чистый доход; принимать во внимание/принимать в расчет; ТНК.
E. Read and translate the text. Match the headings with the text.
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The role of the government |
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Types of businesses |
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Key sectors of the economy and their contribution towards the GDP |
1 |
Historical background |
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Basic ingredients of the American economic system |
1 |
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The modern American economy traces its roots to the quest of European settlers for economic gain in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The New World then progressed from а colonial economy to a small, independent farming economy and, eventually, to a highly complex industrial economy. The United States entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger, and by many measures more successful, than ever.
The first ingredient of a nation's economic system is its natural resources. The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, and it is blessed with a moderate climate. It also has extensive coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as on the Gulf of Mexico. Rivers flow from far within the continent and the Great Lakes - five large, inland lakes along the U.S. border with Canada - provide additional shipping access. These extensive waterways have helped shape the country's economic growth over the years and helped bind America's 50 individual states together in a single economic unit.
The second ingredient is labor, which converts natural resources into goods. The number of available workers and, more importantly, their productivity help determine the health of an economy. Throughout its history, the United States has experienced steady growth in the labor force, and that, in turn, has helped fuel almost constant economic expansion. Today, Americans consider "human capital" a key to success in numerous modern, high-technology industries. As a result, government leaders and business officials increasingly stress the importance of education and training to develop workers with the kind of nimble minds and adaptable skills needed in new industries such as computers and telecommunications.
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But natural resources and labor account for only part of an economic system. These resources must be organized and directed as efficiently as possible.
Today, the American economy boasts a wide array of enterprises, ranging from one-person sole proprietorships to some of the world's largest corporations. Most businesses are sole proprietorships - that is, they are owned and operated by a single person. Another way to start or expand a venture is to create a business partnership with two or more co-owners. Successful small businesses can sometimes grow through a practice known as franchising and chain stores. In a typical franchising arrangement, a successful company authorizes an individual or small group of entrepreneurs to use its name and products in exchange for a percentage of the sales revenue. Some individual proprietors have joined forces with others to form chains of their own or cooperatives. Often, these chains serve specialized, or niche, markets.
A particular strength of small businesses is their ability to respond quickly to changing economic conditions. They often know their customers personally and are especially suited to meet local needs. Small businesses - computer-related ventures in California's "Silicon Valley" and other high-tech enclaves, for instance - are a source of technical innovation. Many computer-industry innovators began as "tinkerers," working on hand-assembled machines in their garages, and quickly grew into large, powerful corporations. Small companies that rapidly became major players in the national and international economies include the computer software company Microsoft; the package delivery service Federal Express; sports clothing manufacturer Nike; the computer networking firm America OnLine; and ice cream maker Ben & Jerry's.
Although there are many small and medium-sized companies, big business units play a dominant role in the American economy. In the United States, most large businesses are organized as corporations. A corporation is a specific legal form of business organization, chartered by one of the 50 states and treated under the law like a person.
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The Unites States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles. The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership. Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost two-thirds of the nation’s total economic output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining one-third is bought by government and business). The consumer role is so great, in fact, that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a “consumer economy”.
The role of government in the American economy extends far beyond its activities as a regulator of specific industries, notably energy and agriculture. The government also manages the overall pace of economic activity, seeking to maintain high levels of employment and stable prices. It has two main tools for achieving these objectives: fiscal policy, through which it determines the appropriate level of taxes and spending; and monetary policy, through which it manages the supply of money. The Fed, the independent U.S. central bank, manages the money supply and use of credit (monetary policy), while the president and Congress adjust federal spending and taxes (fiscal policy).
4 |
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The best way to understand the U.S. economy is by looking at GDP, which is the statistic used to measure the economy. In other words, the U.S. economy, as measured by GDP, is everything produced by all the people and all the companies in the U.S. 2007 GDP – the total output of goods and services – was three times the size of the next largest economy, Japan. US dominance has been eroded however by the creation of the EU common market, which has an equivalent GDP of over $13 trillion, and by the rapid growth of the BRIC economies, in particular China. The recent failure in the US housing and credit markets has also resulted in a slowdown in the US economy.
In common with most developed countries, services is the key sector of the economy. It contributes nearly 67.8% towards the GDP of the country. Information, retail, scientific, technical and professional services form the major parts of this sector. Out of all the services, wholesale and retail trade comes up as the leading business areas. If net income is taken into consideration, then finance and insurance services take the lead.
In 2007, the service sector contributed almost 78.5% and the industrial sector contributed 20.5% towards USA’s GDP. Petroleum, chemicals, fertilizers, electronic goods, mining are some of the chief industries of this sector.
Though agriculture is a major industry, yet its contribution is only 1% towards the GDP. Today it increasingly has become an “agribusiness”. Agribusiness includes a variety of farm businesses and structures, from small, one-family corporations to huge conglomerates or multinational firms that own large tracts of land or that produce goods and materials used by farmers. Over the last 50 years production doubled, while farm numbers dropped by more than two-thirds.
Labor, agriculture, small businesses, large corporations, financial markets, the Federal Reserve System, and government all interact in complex ways to make America's economic system work.
But, as the late U.S. Senator Robert Kennedy, the brother of President John F. Kennedy, explained in 1968, economic matters are important, but gross national product "does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages; the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage; neither our wisdom nor our learning; neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country; it measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worthwhile. And it can tell us everything about America except why we are proud to be Americans."
Extracts from An Outline of the U.S. Economy
F. Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1) The American economy developed from a marginally successful farming economy to a highly industrialized economy.
2) Two main ingredients of a country’s economic system are its natural resources and labor force.
3) The American economic enterprises range from one-person businesses to large multinationals.
4) Small and medium-sized companies usually play a dominant role in the American economy because of their ability to respond quickly to changing economic situation.
5) The U.S. is said to have a market economy.
6) The U.S. government seeks to maintain high levels of employment and stable prices, above all, and regulates a number of specific industries.
7) GDP measures the total value of all the goods and services produced in a country, including income from abroad.
8) Agriculture is a major industry.
9) While a strong economy may be a prerequisite to social progress, it is not the ultimate goal.
G. Look through the text again and find definitions for the following economic terms.
1) labor force 2) sole proprietorship 3) business partnership 4) franchising 5) chain store 6) corporation |
7) mixed economy 8) free enterprise system 9) fiscal policy
11) GDP
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H. Several well-known companies are mentioned in the text. What do they have in common? (2)