7. Draw the table ‘Britain’s economy over the last decades’ and complete it.

Britain’s economy over the last decades

Period of time	Critical activities
over the past two decades
since 1992
in the late 2008

H. Answer the following questions about the text.

1. How is Britain’s economy characterized in general? What is the statistic used to measure the economy? How do you understand the following – “one of the quintet of trillion dollar economies”?

2. The first ingredient of a nation's economic system is its natural resources. What about the UK?

3. What is the UK’s CB? Does the UK undertake an independent monetary policy? Is Britain a member of the euro zone?

4. What is the key sector of Britain’s economy? What does it cover? How much does it contribute to GDP? What industries decline? How do you understand the following – “a net importer of energy”?

I. Summarize the information about Britain’s Economy. Use the headings below.

OVER TO YOU

Search the Internet and find the information on the topics below. Write a summary about Britain’s economy on one of the following topics and make a presentation to your group mates.

The City of London	The Bank of England
Recent economic situation

GRAMMAR: TWO OR MORE NOUNS TOGETHER

A. In English two or more nouns can be combined together. In the noun + noun construction, the first noun functions like an adjective and describes the second noun. Very often, the first noun answers the question What kind? Translate these noun combinations from the text:

oil resources (the resources of oil)

interest rate moves (moves of a rate of interest)

Find other noun combinations and translate them. Give examples of your own.

GRAMMAR: VERB+ing

B. What are the main forms of the verb? Study these uses of verb+ing and translate the examples from the text.

Uses of verb+ing	Examples
as an adjective	The UK is a leading trading power.
as part of continuous verb form	Britain’s oil and natural gas reserves are declining.
as a noun and the subject	Services, particularly banking, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP.
an ‘-ing’ clause after a noun	Agriculture producing about 60% of food needs is highly mechanized and efficient.
after certain verbs*	A number of new measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets include part-nationalizing the banking system, cutting taxes etc.
the preposition + ‘-ing’ (words commonly used in this pattern include after, before, besides, by, in, on, since, through, when, while, with, without)	Since emerging from recession in 1992, Britain’s economy enjoyed the longest period of expansion.

* 1. Many verbs are followed by ‘-ing’ form.

• Verbs of liking and disliking

adore detest

dislike dread

enjoy fancy

like love

mind resent

I don’t mind telling you.

• Verbs of saying and thinking

admit consider

deny describe

imagine mention

recall suggest

recommend understand

Can you imagine buying that car!

• Other common verbs

avoid commence delay

finish face include

involve keep miss

postpone practise resist

risk save stop

Avoid giving any unnecessary data.

• Common phrasal verbs

burst out carry on

end up give up

go round keep on

put off set about

look forward to leave off

They kept on working for a while.

• Some common phrases

can’t help can’t stand feel like

I can’t help worrying.

NB With the verbs underlined we can also put an object before the ‘–ing’ form.

Can you imagine Helen buying that car!

2. Sometimes we need to decide whether to use a verb in its ‘-ing’ form (doing, working) or infinitive (to do, to work).

• The –ing form focuses on:

a) an action or state before the action of the first verb.

He finished doing her accounts yesterday.

b) the activity itself. The second verb functions like a noun.

He recommends selling shares now.

• The to-infinitive form focuses on:

a) a purpose

She wishes to ask you a favour.

b) a future situation

They are planning to launch a new project.

3. Some verbs can be followed by either ‘–ing’ form or an infinitive.

attempt begin bother can’t bear

can’t stand cease continue deserve

fear forget go on hate

intend like (=enjoy) love mean

prefer regret remember start

stop try

I love meeting people. = I love to meet new people.

NB The underlined verbs can be followed by either ‘–ing’ form or an infinitive but the meanings are very different!!!

They stopped making fax machines. (finish an action)

We stopped to get petrol. (finish one action in order to do another one)

C. Look at the italicized words in the sentences below and say what the ways of using “verb+ing” are? Translate these sentences.

1) The UK is steadily moving towards the formation of a knowledge-based economy focusing on high technology, flexible workforce and innovative work solutions. 2) More than 25 percent of entrepreneurs established financial companies, dealing in public shares and bonds. 3) The business and financial services include the trading, investment and real estate sector. 5) This business offers more freedom in making company policies. 6) Processing raw materials is the field of the manufacturing sector.7) Revenues have stopped coming in.8) The English dislike people asking them what they earn.

D. Make up ‘-ing’ clauses.

1. The UK is steadily moving towards the formation of a knowledge-based economy that focuses on high technology, flexible workforce and innovative work solutions.

2. A business plan is a communication tool for entrepreneurs who start a new company or establish a new line of business in an existing company.

3. Statistics indicate that the UK health industry which includes the pharmaceutical industry accounts for more than 48 percent of the gross domestic product.

4. While he testified to the Senate Finance Committee, US trade representative said about broader institutional reforms at the WTO.

5. When people consume goods and services, they provide a basis for further production.

6. Most people who own a house have a mortgage.

E. Open the brackets using an ‘-ing’ form or infinitive.

1. I’m still looking for a job but I hope (find) something soon.

2. They risk (lose) business to their competitors.

3. Please don’t forget (send) the samples.

4. He denies (pass on) any trade secrets.

5. They are planning (launch) a new line of clothes.

6. Does your job involve (meet) a lot of people?

7. They agreed (lend) me some money.

8. We should start (build) partnerships today.

3. Study some other ways of using Verb+ing. Translate the examples.

Uses of verb+ing	Examples
in contrast clauses after despite, in spite of, although, though	Although accounting for only about 1 per cent of the world’s population, Britain is the fourth largest trading nation in the world.
after fixed phrases There’s no point (in)… It’s a waste of time/money… It’s (not) worth … It’s no use …	It is worth remembering that the Union Jack is more popular in England than in Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

G. Translate the sentences and say what the ways of translation of

‘-ing’ form in Russian are.

1) It’s a waste of money buying things you don’t need. 2) It’s no use arguing any more. 3) Britain is a leading member of both the EU and the Commonwealth. 4) In the fields of arts, broadcasting and sport Britain continues to lead the world. 5) Despite having only 1 % of the world’s population, Britain is the fourth largest trading nation in the world. 6) British agriculture is noted for its efficiency and productivity and at the same time comprehensive planning and control have steadily reduced air and water pollution. 7) Tax policy in a developing country constitutes an essential part of development policy. 8) Banks put much of their funds in a variety of bonds and other lower-yielding financial instruments. 9) Resulting profit or loss will cause a change in the proprietor’s capital. 10) An accounting period may follow the calendar, in which case it begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of the same year. The business is then said to have a calendar-year accounting period. Any business that has an accounting period consisting of 12 months other than a calendar year is generally known as a fiscal-year accounting period. 11) The financial statements present the accounting information in formal reports that tell managers, creditors, prospective investors, how the business is doing. 12) The National Bureau of Economic Research determines the amount of the business activity in the economy by looking at things like employment, industrial production, real income and wholesale-retail sales. 13) Banks prefer to make loans instead of simply putting their money into bonds and other safer investments. 14) All businesses exist for the purpose of earning a profit. 15) Consumer loans are used mainly for financing major purchases. 16) A good rule of thumb for determining the difference between a recession and a depression is to look at the changes in GNP. 17) A bank’s principal activities revolve around gathering deposits and placing this money in either loans or investments of various kinds. 18) The most obvious way in which additional assets can be obtained for the business is by borrowing. 19) Investments may be either short- or long-term assets depending on the nature of the investments. 20) The Bank’s report on aid effectiveness identified a number of policies, ranging from micro-economic stability, through micro-economic efficiency, to the policies oriented towards the poor. 21) The EU imposes strict quotas and high tariffs on products from efficient producers in Latin America, while allowing free access to those from a handful of small African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. It claims it is providing aid by giving producers from poor countries preferential access and good prices. 22) WTO members’ common goal is rising standards of living in developing countries. Achieving that goal will require difficult decisions.

1. Do you know these famous Britons? Do these puzzles and read three more noted Britons.

	1             2         3             4               5                     6         7
		The author of The Lord of the Rings The beautiful Princess of Wales and the mother of Prince William and Prince Harry The name of the author of the Hound of the Baskervilles The creator of Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple The most famous playwright in the world The author of Robinson Crusoe The name of a film director famous for his horror films like Psycho

1                 2           3           4       5               6           7

1 One of Britain’s greatest leaders, who was the Prime Minister of the country during World War II

2 He discovered the law of gravity when an apple fell on his head

3 He tried to prove that our remote granddads and grannies were monkeys

4 This man invented the telephone

5 This Queen ruled for the longest period in British history

6 A member of the Beatles who was murdered in the US

7 The author of Jungle Book

1         2                 3         4       5             6             7

1 Scotland’s national poet

2 The author of Treasure Land

3 The author of Ivanhoe

4 A famous explorer who discovered Australia and Hawaii

5 A comic actor with a small black moustache, a bowler hat, and a funny way of walking

6 The author of Alice in Wonderland

7 A very famous singer, once a member of the Beatles

GRAMMAR: PARTICIPLE 2/PAST PARTICIPLE/V-ed form/V3

Uses of V3	Examples
as a part of a perfect verb form	Britain has become self-sufficient in energy It had imported over 99 percent of petroleum before oil and gas reserves were found in the North Sea
as a part of a passive verb form	The United Kingdom is headed by the Queen.
as an adjective before or after a noun	The closed door The improved variant The work done The cars produced

A. Open the brackets putting the verb in the form of Past Participle and explain the case of using a Past Participle form.

1. The Museum of Madame Tussaud (visit) by a group of students was a big success.

2. The score (receive) on an exam was not enough to enter Cambridge University.

3. The plant introduced a new wage piece system to increase the number of cars (produce).

4. Taxes (levy) on the population in Britain are a relatively small proportion.

5. World War II (follow) by the Civil War caused great damage to the economy of the country.

6. This has (be) an excellent year so far, and we have (reach) most of our sales targets.

7. I was looking forward to my business trip to England because I had never (be) to England before.

8. The Channel Tunnel was (build) in 1961.

9. Enterprises (own) by the state constitute the greater part.

10. The Russian word “оффшорный” (borrow) from English means unregulated or out of control.

B. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the function of Past Participle form.

1. Training should combine theory and practice in the field chosen.

2. The amount of electricity generated was not enough.

3. The results obtained were thoroughly analyzed.

4. The workers freed in one place are transferred to other shops.

5. More than 25% of all exported machinery are intended for building projects carried out with our technical assistance.

6. Attempts made to find a suitable approach only led to internal contradictions.

7. There hadn’t been any significant improvement before the new production methods were introduced.

8. This redistribution of funds guaranteed accelerated rates of economic growth.

9. Products made at our plant are quite competitive in the local market.

10. The cost of your purchases and of the services rendered is put on the account indicated on the card.

WORD FILE

Unit 3 Module 1
island isle peninsula mainland coast off the coast latitude rainfall spell n shower gale mountain range pasture sheets of water plains (for farming) lowland upland valley settlement rural economy agriculture dairy farming changeable constant	uninhabitable innumerable mild temperate/moderate severe flat densely populated commercial extreme n, adj consequently rarely mostly due to to consist of to be made up of to rank to tend to persist to extend to contain to trace of to be fond of to take up to reduce to decline in importance	to account for to outpace to push back into recession to implement a number of measures to cut taxes to remain to oppose doing smth trading power decade public ownership growth social welfare programmes needs labour force banking insurance services GDP economic slowdown expansion interest rate opinion polls majority

Module 2 The USA

PREIVIEW

1. Match pictures 1 – 7 with their descriptions 1) – 6).

1		2		3
5 4

1. A

   6

   lthough New York City and Philadelphia each served briefly as the capital of the United States, in 1790, Congress chose it as the permanent seat of government. George Washington helped select the site for the city.

2. Nicknamed «the Golden State», it is the third largest state in area after Alaska and Texas. Today it is the land of the giant redwoods; it has the highest population of any state in the nation and is America's principal agricultural state. It is also the home of Hollywood, the center of America's movie and television industry.

3. One of the original 13 states it is known as the «Empire State». The state includes everything from skyscrapers in Manhattan to rivers, mountains, and lakes. Today, it has the third largest population in the US, and remains the financial center of the country.

4. The United States Capitol is the meeting place of the United States Congress, the legislature of the Federal government of the United States. Located in Washington, D.C., it sits atop Capitol Hill.

5. A

   7

   rticle III, §1, of the Constitution provides that “the judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.”

6. The power of the Executive Branch is vested in the President of the United States, who also acts as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The White House is the official residence of the President of the United States.

READING 1: THE USA