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        1. Prepare a presentation on the topic being discussed.

BACKGROUND TO WRITING

        1. Elements of writing (1)

A. Cause and Effect

! The relationship between two situations can be shown in a variety of ways:

CAUSE: heat ----------------------------EFFECT: errors

The heat causes errors.

The heat leads to errors.

The heat results in errors.

The heat produces errors.

EFFECT: errors-----------------------------CAUSE: heat

Errors are caused by heat (NB! Passive).

Errors are produced by heat.

Errors results from heat.

! It is also possible to use conjunctions that demonstrate cause and effect.

Cause

Effect

because (of)

so

since

therefore

as

consequently

owing to

which is why

due to

Because the heat increased, the errors were severe. (because + verb)

The errors occurred because of increase of heat. (because + noun)

Owing to the heat the errors were severe.

The collisions of electrons moving through the traces and wires of microchips and circuit boards generated heat, therefore the errors were severe. (used in midsentence)

NB! It is more common to use conjunctions to illustrate particular situations.

  1. Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb or conjunction.

    1. Lotus 1-2-3 was the first big business hit on the IBM PC __________ it combined the functions of an electronic spreadsheet, a database, and graphing.

    2. The number of sectors and tracks and, __________, the number of clusters that a drive can create on a disk's surface, determine the capacity of the disk.

    3. In Europe, an A-Iaw codec uses a different coding scheme, __________ U.S. 56K modems only reach their full potential communicating with servers in the U.S.

    4. In the early days of personal computers, when people thought it was simply a revolution rather than a fundamental change in our existence, someone came up with the idea that all this computerized data would __________ the " paperless office.

    5. After leaving the University of Pennsylvania __________ disagreements about patent ownership, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly-the two men who headed the ENIAC project-launch the first commercial computer company, Electronic Control Company.

    6. They were simply too crude __________ more subtle flows of electrons.

    7. All microchips are basically vast collections of transistors-switches- arranged in different patterns __________ that they accomplish different tasks.

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