1. Find and learn Russian equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1) addition and subtraction problems	a)
2) multiplication and division	b)
3) gear-driven	c)
4) stepped reckoner	d)
5) decimal number system	е)
6) binary number system	f)
7) intellectual leap	g)
8) weaving industry	h)
9) central processing unit	I )
10) integrated circuit	j)

2. Find and learn English equivalents for the following words and expressions:

1) схемы с проводным монтажом
2) электрическая лампа накаливания
3) перфорированная карта
4) печатная схема
5) микросхема ОЗУ
6) совместимые устройства
7) требуемая точность
8) инструментальная панель

3. Create a word finder for any 20 computer terms using the following website:

http://www.thewordfinder.com/games/wordsearch/fs.wordfinder.php

KEY CONCEPTS

circuit, circuit board

Metallic traces printed on a fiberglass panel that carry electrical signals among larger components. Originally, wires ran from and to any component in any electrical device, not just computers. A circuit board replaces the need for separate wiring with the metallic traces printed on the board-sometimes also on the bottom of the board and in a hidden middle layer. The traces lead to connections for processors, resistors, capacitors, and other electrical components. The importance of the circuit board is that its entire creation can be automated, and the board packs more components into an ever-smaller space.

conditional statement

A conditional statement allows a program to achieve different results each time it is run. Based on the conditional statement, the path of the program (that is, what statements are executed next) can be determined based upon a condition or situation that is detected at the very moment the program is running.

CPU

An acronym for central processing unit, it is

used to mean the microprocessor-also, processor-which is a microchip that processes the information and the code (instructions) used by a computer. The "brains" of a computer.

'ENIAC' Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was typical of first generation computers, it weighed 30 tones contained 18,000 electronic valves and consumed around 25KW of electrical power. It was, however, capable of an amazing 100,000 calculations a second.

loop

A section of software commands that returns to its beginning and runs again as long as no specific condition has been encountered.

motherboard

A sheet of plastic onto which metallic circuits have been printed and to the rest of the PC's components are connected. These components

could be connected via a socket, such as with the CPU, a slot, as with graphics cards and memory modules or they may be built directly onto the motherboard, as with external ports, such as USB.

memory unit

(storage unit), a unit of a computer or an independent device designed to record, store, and reproduce information. Memory units are used most widely in digital computers but also have applications in automation, remote-control, nuclear-physics, and other devices, where they store discrete (for the most part) information, coordinate in time the operation of several facilities, or accumulate data to be transmitted through remote-control channels.

ROM and RAM

Acronyms for Read Only Memory and Random Access Memory. ROM is memory chips or data stored on disks that can be read by the computer's processor. The PC cannot write new data to those chips or disk drives. RAM is memory or disks that can be both read and written to. Random access memory really is a misnomer because even ROM can be accessed randomly. The term was originally used to distinguish RAM from data and software that was stored on magnetic tape, and which could be accessed only sequentially. That is, to get to the last chunk of data or code on a tape, a computer must read through all the information contained on the tape until it finds the location where it stored the data or code for which it is looking. In contrast, a computer can jump directly to any information stored in random locations in RAM chips or on disk.

source The part of a transistor from which electrical current flows when the transistor is closed.

transistors

The transistor is the basic building block from which all microchips are built. The combined chips cover less than a couple of square inches but hold more than 582 million transistors. In computers, transistors are used to represent zeros and ones, the two numbers that make up the binary number system: a 1 if current passes through, or 0 if current doesn’t passes through.

These zeros and ones are commonly known as bits. Various groupings of these transistors make up the subcomponents within the Core 2, as well as those in coprocessors, memory chips, and other forms of digital silicon.

write and read

Writing is the process by which a computer stores data in either RAM chips or on a disk drive. Reading is the process by which a computer transfers data or software code from a

drive to RAM or from RAM to the microprocessor.

! To emphasize the action in a sentence, rather than the person who carries/carried out the action we use the Passive. To say who does the action of a passive verb, add by + noun phrase (agent) after the verb phrase. The passive form of the verb contains this pattern: subject +be + Past Participle + object.

Simple ; Modal pattern ;

Progressive ; Perfect ;

Modal Perfect

The passive is rare in ‘speech’, but common in academic ‘writing’. These are some basic passive forms. You will have noticed the absence of some continuous forms:

• future continuous

• future perfect continuous

• past perfect continuous

• present perfect continuous.

These forms are less common in the passive because they are tricky to say owing to the close proximity of been to being. My car has been being repaired is rather difficult to say, so we don’t!

• You should also note the following points about the passive:

• We only use the passive with transitive verbs, that is, verbs that have an object.

• We sometimes replace the verb be with the verb get. This is more common in spoken English, e.g. Trespassers will get prosecuted.