Сравните следующие пары предложений. Обратите внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

1. Two objects being at the same temperature have the same average energy of motion of their molecules. Two objects being at the same temperature, the average energy of motion of their molecules is the same.

2. An automobile covering 240 km in 4 hours, its average speed is 60 km/hr. An automobile covering 240 km in 4 hours has an average speed of 60 km/hr.

3. Having discovered the element 101, American scientists called it “mendelevium” to honour Mendeleyev’s name. The element 101 having been discovered, American scientists called it “mendelevium” to honour Mendeleyev’s name.

Определите независимый причастный оборот в следующих предложениях и переведите предложения на русский язык.

A gas being heated at constant pressure, work is done by the gas while expanding.

The temperature rising, the bodies expand, their volume increasing.

Friction produces heat, the heat produced by friction being considered as lost heat or useless work.

The name electronics is known to be derived from the word electron, the electron itself being the basic unit of negative electricity and all electric currents consisting of electrons in motion.

Other conditions being equal, iron will oxidize more rapidly than mercury or silver.

In other words, we convert the chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy, the latter being converted into mechanical and then electrical energy.

Iron or steel being magnetized, the molecules are moved into a new arrangement which is caused by the force used for magnetizing them.

With a car moving with constant velocity, the distance travelled is directly proportional to the time.

With the electric current passing through a wire, the heat developed will depend upon the amount of current.

The length of a conductor doubled, the resistance is doubled.

Non-ionized clean air is also considered to be a good insulator, it often being used for this purpose in electrical apparatus.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму и функцию причастия.

Being tested for strength, a piece of metal is clamped in a special machine.

When testing a piece of metal for strength the engineer clamps it in a special machine.

A piece of metal being tested for strength is clamped in a special machine.

A piece of metal tested for strength, the engineer clamps it in a special machine.

Having tested a piece of metal, the engineer could determine its strength.

Having been tested for strength, a piece of metal was removed from the machine.

When tested for strength a piece of metal is clamped in a special machine.

Many questions were discussed at the conference, great attention being paid to the new types of computers.

The technique involved increased the output considerably.

The results much spoken about at the conference were obtained in numerous experiments.

Personal computers being used for many purposes, scientists go on to improve their quality.

The equipment having been received, we could install it in the laboratory.