Функции инфинитива в предложении.
Инфинитив обладает свойствами глагола (см. формы инфинитива) и имени существительного. Это проявляется в функциях инфинитива в предложении.
Как правило, инфинитив передается на русский язык неопределенной формой глагола, отглагольным существительным, а в некоторых его функциях глаголом-сказуемым.
e.g. To understand that period of history is very important.
Понимать (понимание) этого исторического периода очень важно.
e.g. This student is usually the first to answer questions.
Этот студент обычно первым отвечает на вопросы.
В предложении инфинитив имеет функции подлежащего, части сказуемого, определения, обстоятельства (цели и следствия). Кроме того, инфинитив может быть вводным членом предложения.
1. Подлежащее (передается на русский язык неопределенной формой глагола или отглагольным существительным).
Структура предложения в этом случае бывает двух видов:
а) П (инфинитив) + Сказ.
П Сказ.
e.g. To take part in discussions is useful.
Принимать участие в дискуссиях полезно.
б) It (формальное П) + Сказ. + П (инфинитив)
Примечание: формальное подлежащее “it” не переводится, перевод начинается со сказуемого.
e.g. It is useful to take part in discussions.
Полезно принимать участие в дискуссиях.
Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения.
1. To preserve a literary tradition under these circumstances was doubly difficult and it was not preserved.
2. It is usually possible to get a seat in the Strangers’ Gallery of the House of Lords at any time, but it is not so easy to get into the House of Commons Gallery, particularly in the summer, when London is full of visitors.
3. Mary Stuart was detained in various castles for almost twenty years, since to have restored her to her throne by force was impossible politically and to have handed her over to the Scots for execution unthinkable treachery.
4. It is not at all easy to classify or analyse parliamentary questions.
5. To say that mind does not exist in abstraction from body is not, however, to say that mental processes do not exist.
6. It is only possible to vote at the polling station appropriate to one’s address.
7. To have overburdened the book with so many details would tire the reader.
8. It would not be easy to talk in general terms about Europe as a unit, with its differences of climate and culture.
9. The second, more serious objection still remains: the system of writing cannot adequately express the whole range of human thought; and to do so even partially will require thousands of characters.
10. In most cases it is fairly easy to imagine a typical American.
11. It is only partly true to say that French history belongs to the French people, British to the British people.
12. It does not take much imagination to think of the courage and other admirable qualities needed by the early settlers.
II. Часть сказуемого
Поскольку инфинитив не имеет категории времени, тот он образует сказуемое только с помощью другого глагола, указывающего на время всего сказуемого.
Существует три разновидности сказуемого с инфинитивом.
1) глагол-связка “to be” (в нужном времени) + инфинитив
В этом случае “to be” передается на русский язык словами “быть, являться, значить, состоять в (том, чтобы), заключаться в (том, чтобы)”; инфинитив передается на русский язык либо неопределенной формой глагола, либо отглагольным существительным.
e.g. The duty of a historian is to describe events of the past and to foresee the future.
Долг историка состоит в том, чтобы описывать события прошлого и предвидеть будущее (состоит в описании прошлого и предвидении будущего).
e.g. His desire was to be sent to the congress.
Его желанием было, чтобы его послали на конгресс.
2) глагол, указывающий на характер действия + инфинитив.
Первая часть такого сказуемого представлена глаголами, которые без инфинитива не имеют законченного значения. Это такие глаголы как to begin, to continue, to finish, to cease, to want, to intend, to plan, to be going, to like, to hope, to promise, to decide, to try и др.
e.g. Nobody likes to be interrupted.
Никто не любит, чтобы его прерывали.
e.g. I hoped to have Professor Smith as my supervisor.
Я надеялся, что моим руководителем будет профессор Смит.
e.g. William was ready to fight for the throne.
Уильям был готов бороться за престол.
С
быть склонным к
чему-либо
стремиться что-либо
сделать
иметь
тенденцию к чему-либо
to go + инфинитив
to tend + инфинитив
Иногда эти глаголы при переводе сказуемого опускаются, а инфинитив передается на русский язык глаголом в том времени, в котором стоит все сказуемое.
e.g. All this goes to demonstrate your mistake.
Всё это указывает на вашу ошибку (стремится указать).
e.g. Such historians tend to exaggerate this factor.
Такие историки склонны преувеличивать данный фактор (обычно преувеличивают).
To fail + инфинитив – не смочь, не суметь сделать что-либо; не сделать что-либо
e.g. The authors failed to prove their hypothesis.
Авторы не сумели подтвердить (не подтвердили) свою гипотезу.
Примечание: существительное failure + инфинитив тоже имеет значение неудавшейся попытки или невыполнения действия.
e.g. Failure to appreciate the great discovery resulted in a new revolution.
Неспособность оценить это великое открытие привело к новой революции. (То, что это великое открытие не оценили, привело к новой революции.)
To neglect + инфинитив – не сделать что-либо;
забыть сделать что-либо;
пренебречь чем-либо
e.g. William neglected to take that factor into account.
Уильям забыл учесть (не учел) данный фактор.
To manage + инфинитив – смочь, суметь сделать что-либо;
ухитриться сделать что-либо
e.g. When he managed to overcome that difficulty, he gained victory.
Когда он сумел преодолеть эту трудность, он победил.
обычно делал
что-либо
часто делал что-либо
как правило, делал
что-либо
Used + инфинитив
Would + инфинитив (без “to”)
e.g. Such invasions would occur in the XI century.
Такие вторжения обычно имели место (часто происходили) в XI веке.
3). Модальный глагол (или эквивалент) + инфинитив
e.g. All opinions should be taken into consideration.
Нужно учесть все мнения.
e.g. You can rely on this chance.
Ты можешь положиться на этот случай.
(Ты можешь рассчитывать на этот шанс.)
e.g. The fire spread quickly, but everyone was able to escape.
Огонь распространялся быстро, но все смогли спастись.
Примечание 1: следует обратить особое внимание на эквиваленты модального глагола must – на глаголы “to be” и “to have”. Они тоже образуют сказуемое с инфинитивом, но выражают разные оттенки должествования. Инфинитив в этом случае сохраняет частицу “to”.
предстоит
сделать что-либо
to be + инфинитив – надлежит сделать что-либо
Must + инфинитив = должен сделать что-либо
to have + инфинитив – приходится сделать что-либо
вынужден сделать что-либо
e.g. At that time England was to become a leading industrial power.
В то время Англии предстояло стать ведущей промышленной державой.
e.g. Henry VIII did not have to fight for his throne.
Генри VIII не пришлось бороться за престол.
Примечание 2: сказуемое, представленное сочетанием to be + инфинитив, может, таким образом, иметь два разных значения:
а) to be + инфинитив – быть, являться чем-либо;
заключаться в том, чтобы сделать что-либо
б) to be + инфинитив – должен, надлежит, предстоит, суждено сделать что-либо
Значение такого сказуемого вытекает из контекста. Сравните:
e.g. The aim was to compare the two versions.
Целью было сравнить (состояла в том, чтобы сравнить) эти две версии.
e.g. He was to compare the two versions.
Ему предстояло сравнить эти две версии.
Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции именной части составного сказуемого .
1. The purpose of the experiment was to study the behaviour of higher animals under stress. 2. One of the chief mistakes of a research worker is to think that his way of seeking the truth is the only possible one. 3. The aim of psychology is to obtain rules by means of which we can understand and predict human behaviour. 4. The task of a scientist is to explain what is, and the task of an engineer is to create what never was. 5. The main role of this organization is to promote international cooperation in science. 6. One of the best ways to win the good will of others is to show interest in what they have to say.
Упражнение 2. При переводе обратите внимание на время глагола-связки to be.
1. Our aim was to include all pertinent information that came to our attention up to October, 31, 1951.
2. The first business of every science is to observe the facts and phenomena with which it has to deal; and to classify and state them methodically.
3. Their method of conquest was to make military roads and to plant along them forts garrisoned by the regular troops.
4. My concern here has been to show that a significant difference separates these two types of methods.
5.The object of this little book will be explain by examples how the different parts of speech are used and to show from their uses how they should be defined.
6.To assign all the words of English to their original sources is not to determine the mode of their entrance into English.
7.The method of reading was, according to N., to read one row from left to right, then come back reading the next from right to left.
8. In so far as a foreign language coincides with the native tongue, to study one is to study another.
9. The function of this staff is to maintain the service of books to readers, to assist in finding books and to give advice in problems of research or bibliography.
10. Our task in this case would be to find the original picture.
Упражнение 3. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сочетание to be going to + инфинитив.
Примечание:То be going to +инфинитив может иметь значение будущего времени, лишенное каких-либо добавочных оттенков.
1. University work is going to be very difficult for you unless you work out some basic principles of study. 2. This scientific problem is not going to be solved in the twentieth century. 3. University work is going to make heavy demands upon the students. 4. You are going to enjoy this book. It is very interesting and amusing. 5. University teachers are not going to plan your work for you the way school teachers did.
Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетание глагола to tend с инфинитивом:
Примечание: Глагол to tend в сочетании с инфинитивом имеет значение «обычно, как правило».
1. Social forces tend to regularize individual behaviour. 2. Members of the same family tend to have many common features in their behaviour. 3. Slow readers tend to comprehend the subject matter better than fast readers. 4. We tend to exaggerate our own troubles and diminish those of others. 5. Dreams tend to be forgot-ten very soon.
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетание глагола to fail с инфинитивом:
Примечание: Глагол to fail с инфинитивом может иметь значение неспособности совершить действие, выраженное инфинитивом: I fail to understand his behaviour. — Я не могу понять его поведение. Этот глагол может также служить показателем отрицания лишенного каких-либо дополнительных значений: In his report, he failed to mention some important facts. — В своем докладе он не упомянул некоторые важные факты.
1. The students failed to translate some sentences because they were too difficult. 2. He had a good memory for detail, but often failed to grasp general principles. 3. Critics of Freud sometimes fail to appreciate the importance of facts discovered by psycho-analysts. 4. I fail to understand why you are always late for classes. 5. She read too much for her age and books for children failed to satisfy her. 6. Some people fail to realize that they have obligations as well as rights. 7.If a scientist has no knowledge of the humanities he fails to see his own branch of science in perspective.8. He kept obstinately to his own point of view and all the arguments of his opponents failed to impress him. 9.Proponents of this theory have so far failed to prove it with facts. 10.The new evidence fails to confirm the results of the previous research . 11. I fail to understand your point of view.
Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на сочетания существительного failure с инфинитивом:
Примечание: Существительное failure, как и глагол to fail в сочетании с инфинитивом, может иметь значение как неудавшейся попытки, так и простого отрицания. При переводе сочетания с существительным failure удобно разворачивать в придаточное предложение: Failure to recognize these factors resulted in serious mistakes. — To, что эти факторы не были признаны, привело к серьезным ошибкам.
1. Experimental data should be carefully recorded. Failure to do so may greatly distort the results of the experiment. 2. When a teacher is disappointed in his student he is actually disappointed at his own failure to reach his goal. 3. Teenagers are often angry with the adults for their failure to take them seriously. 4. The scientist was frustrated by the government's failure to finance his research project. 5. Failure to appreciate this great discovery retarded the development of science.
Упражнение 7. Дайте точный перевод составного сказуемого.
1. As the Cave Four material flowed in, it became clear that its bulk was going to surpass by far anything found in the first Gave.
2. Sinan (the ancient Arabian doctor) organized a staff of physicians who would go from place to place carrying drugs and administering relief to ailing people.
3.However, with all his deep sympathy with suffering in any shape or form, the author has somehow failed to reproduce these feelings in his work ...
4.The statues which came from the quarry — to be described later — used to stand on a platform about a yard and a half across at the top of the parapet.
5.Athens, though still a centre of philosophical study and thought, had ceased to be of any direct importance at that time.
6.The art of picture writing later was developed to a high degree by some American Indian tribes, who would inscribe on the bark of trees complete pictorial histories of their expeditions.
7.The force of this conclusion will be apparent in the following chapter when we come to discuss the problem of invention.
8.Then, when that cave was explored, the party would have to move on to another, perhaps hundreds of feet above or below, and start afresh
9. As time passed, most of the land that was reclaimed on the frontiers gradually came to be held by a few lords. As the nation grew, these reclaimed lands eventually formed the larger part of its area. Then as a reward for service or because of some special influence at court, individuals would be given estates to hand down to their descendants.
10. Then it became clear that ten thousands of pounds were going to be required to save this fabulous library.
11. A year later (1887), Andre Antoine, an amateur actor, founded Le Theatre Libre in Paris for the production of new plays which failed to attract the Commercial Theatre managers.
12. The business of which he was a director was about to crash.
13. Hugh sent an embassy of twenty four knights to inform the governor that he was about to arrive and repeat his demand for a suitable reception.
14.The knight now attempted to unsheath the sword in his belt, but his arm failed to obey his will, and he fell to the ground.
15.The men used to wear nothing but a wide belt of beaten bark.
16. The stone artifacts fail to show any consistency pattern of fracturing and could easily have been produced by one or more natural forces.
17.Failure to realize this fact has led to many extravagant claims made by some natural forces.
18.These studies could not fail to throw light upon many an aspect of history and archaeology but their immediate interest lay in what they told about human speech.
19.The pictures which the Egyptians used to record events and to express ideas are called hyeroglyphics.
20.After his failure to relieve Nicae the sultan had withdrawn eastward to gather his own force and to conclude peace and alliance with the Emir.
21.No one, examining the evidence of Greek failure, cultural and social-political, can fail to perceive how closely the two aspects are interwoven.
Упражнение 8. Переведите, обращая особое внимание на модальные или близкие им по значению глаголы, а также на форму инфинитива.
1. The conference was to take place in London.
2. You will have to overcome many difficulties in your work.
3. They were compelled to agree with us.
4.Your friend may not know that we are here.
5.You ought to know this author.
6. Where are these books to be had?
7. Tell him he need not be in a hurry.
8. You must hear of him. He is one of the best singers in France.
9. We are obliged to let him know about it.
10. He can not forget my address.
11. The faults of this work are hardly to be denied.
12. This must be the book you were telling me about.
13. This unpleasant meeting is not to be avoided.
14. I felt that something is bound to happen very soon.
15. He may forget about you.
16. Nobody was to be seen at the station.
17. He ought to foresee it.
18. He drew the plan of the building more skillfully than any one else could do it.
Упражнение 9. Обратите внимание на перевод модального глагола.
1. It must be borne in mind that all the rules may have exceptions. 2. It must be added that the minor works are not included here. 3. It cannot be denied that his original work is a success. 4. It is to be remembered that these data come from different sources.
Упражнение 10. При переводе обратите внимание на точное значение модального глагола.
1. If, in the sixty years after 1789, England was to have a revolution on the French model, most Englishmen believed that it would begin in Manchester.
2. The slave-owners in Puerto-Rico were obliged to render a monthly report of the number of slaves who fled to the mountains.
3. The adventurist policy of these countries was bound to result in bankruptcy.
4. As the Suez route was yet to be opened, the ship had to circumnavigate half of the globe before reaching the Pacific Ocean.
5. These brave people were compelled to fight for every inch of soil.
6. It is also to be noted that in the inscriptions and written documents of this period we frequently find in one country forms and words that were later to become distinctive of the other sections.
7. Such flower as this is not to be found in the vicinity.
8. The reader should keep in mind the marked distinctions between the two processes.
9. “The world is not to be comprehended as a complex of ready-made things”, wrote Engels, “but as a complex of processes in which things apparently stable, go through an interrupted change of coming into being and passing away”.
10. Rousseau, in his Contrat Sociale and Emile (1760 – 1762) had first formulated those ideas which were to shake the foundation of European society.
11. For his lord’s sake the retainer was bound not only to lay down his own life cheerfully, but to sacrifice the life and honour of those nearest to him.
12. This sonnet and the one quoted above need, in fact to be considered together.
13. The origin of this art, so far as technique is concerned, is to be traced back to the tomb painting of Graeco-Roman Egypt.
14. In 1820 Keats was compelled to seek warmer skies, and died in Rome early in the next year, at the age of twenty-five.
15. The new text bears many affinities with treaties of the second millennium B.C. In this way it should further the understanding of this type of literature, which is common to the whole of Ancient Near East.
16. Near the wall we unearthed building foundations on 12 sites, discoveries of which led to much discussion about our members. Some of us believe that the foundations uncovered may be the remains of those palaces, but this will have to be further substantiated.
17. Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) was the first king since Henry V who did not have to fight a battle to win or keep his throne.
18. A similar origin should probably be assigned to the extensive accumulations of sand, clay and fine gravel which are to be found on the coast of Alicante.
Упражнение 11. Сопоставление сочетания «to be + инфинитив» в различных функциях. Переведите, предварительно определив функцию сочетания «to be + инфинитив».
1. The opposite view is to deny any philosophic relevance to literature.
2. A series of events took place which within a few years was to work a transformation in the island kingdom.
3. These tales lack the artistic beauty of expression and of imagery which are to be found everywhere in his greater poems.
4. A second, not contradictory approach, is to study the sum of individual traits by which this system differs from comparable systems.
5. The change which was to come over English poetry, and the new style which was to dominate that poetry for more than a century, owes its inception to this great poet.
6. Dickens was for a time editor of the London and Westminster Review, and his purely literary efforts in the essay are not to be ignored.
7. With the longer poems (of Shelley) went a brilliant cascade of shorter lyrical pieces. To name them is to mention some of the sweetest English lyrics.
8. The aim of the dialectical method is to enable us logically and consistently to express the real interconnection and motion of things.
9. The mural paintings are by no means to he found in ail the caves inhabited during the Glacial Epoch.
10. The great achievement in the cultural field was the creation of a department of archaeology, whose function was to preserve the monuments of Indian arts and, by excavations, to discover more of them.
11. This serious problem of Ancient Rome is not to be disposed of so lightly.