Apimondia 2015 Abstract book (South Korea)

HMF, diastase, invertase and physical properties of honeys. In conclusion, a new processing technology with significantly reduced energy in a short time was developed which resulted in a better quality of product.

TQP-021

Differentiation of Manuka and Kanuka Honey by NMR Spectroscopy

Karyne Rogers4, Stephan Schwarzinger1, Felix Brauer2, Bernd Kampf3, Paul Rosch1

1University of Bayreuth 2 ALNuMed GmbH

3 FoodQS GmbH

4 GNS Science, Germany

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which allows detection of quantitative molecular finger prints of mixtures, ha s already been successfully applied to test authenticity of fruit juices and wines in the respective industries. Verification of authenticity is performed by comparison of an unknown sample with a data base of authentic samples. We demonstrate the application of NMR spectroscopy for the differentiation of Manuka and Kanuka honey as well as the differentiation of Manuka honey from New Zealand and Australia. Specifically, we show that Kanuka honey contains a characteristic marker substance, which is also found in the nectar of Kanuka flowers, but not in Manuka flowers.

TQP-022

Chemical and biological standardization of propolis extracts of Santiago del Estero, Argentina

Emilio Figini3, Fátima Carolina Danert1, María Inés Isla1, Luis María Maldonado2, Iris

Catiana Zampini4

1 INQUINOA. CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. 4000, Tucumán. Argenti na

2 Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). EEA Famaillá, 4132, Famaillá, Tucumán. Argenti na.

3 INTA PROAPI. Fac. de Cs. Veterinarias (UNCPBA) -Tandil-Argentina

4 INQUINOA. CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. 4000, Tucumán. Argenti na.

email: zampini@csnat.unt.edu.ar

The Argentina apiculture is one of the major players in the international market. The present work was developed under the Argentine apícola cluster NOA-Center, with the aim of standardized chemical and biological propolis extracts of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Material and methods: aqueous (APE) and ethanol (EPE) extracts from seven samples of propolis (SE1-SE7) collected Santiago del Estero, Argentina were prepared. The content of functional compounds (phenolic, flavonoids, non flavonoids phenolic) and nutritional interest compounds (sugars, protein and minerals) were analyzed. Their biological properties antioxidant, antimicrobial (antibacterial and

440

antifungal), ability to inhibit bacterial virulence factors and antigenotoxicity activity were evaluated. Results: The EPE had high content of total phenolic and flavonoids compounds. All extracts were biologically active, the APE showed greater ability to scavenge free radicals (ABTS• + and DPPH•), reactive oxygen species (HO•, 0• -) and to protect against oxidative damage to lipids. EPE showed higher inhibition of multirresistant human pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. All samples were not genotoxic and didn´t affect the viability of A. salina at the bio-active doses. Three compounds were isolated and identified as: naringenin, chrysin and pinocembrina, can be used as chemical markers. Conclusions: The biological properties of Santiago de Estero propolis extracts would promote their inclusion in the pharmaceutical industry, such as herbal medicine and in the food industry as functional foods or preservatives

TQP-023

Development and validation of a multiclass method for the quantification of veterinary drug residues in honey and royal jelly by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Yi Li1, Jinhui Zhou2

1 Institute of Apicultural Research,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

2 Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Ministry of Agriculture, China

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the analysis of a wide range of veterinary drugs in honey and royal jelly. A modified sample preparation procedure based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed, followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry determination. Use of the same sample preparation method for analysis of 42 veterinary drugs becomes more valuable because honey and royal jelly belong to completely different complex matrices. Another main advantage of the proposed method is its ability to identify and quantify 42 veterinary drugs with higher sensitivity than reference methods of China. This work has shown that the reported method was demonstrated to be convenient and reliable for the quick monitoring of veterinary drugs in honey and royal jelly samples.

TQP-024

Determination of total phenolic and flavonoids pollen composition by FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy

Leticia M. Estevinho3, Ofélia Anjos1, António J. A. Santos 2, Vanessa Paula3, Ana Paula

Pereira3

1 Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco - Portugal

2 Instituto Superior deAgronomia - Portugal

3 Instituto Politécnico de Bragança - Portugal

Bee pollen has a variable composition in proteins, lipids, sugars, fibers, minerals, amino acids, phenolic compounds and vitamins. The ability of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy for predicting total phenolic and flavonoids

441

content was studied in bee pollen samples. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and results were expressed as mg of gallic acid per g of bee pollen (GAE). For flavonoids contents the aluminium chloride method was used and results were expressed as mg of quercetin equivalents per g of bee pollen (CAEs). FTIR-ATR spectra were acquired with a Bruker FTIR spectrometer (Alpha) using a diamond single reflection attenuated total reflectance (ATR) at a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1 in the wave-length range from 4000 to 400 cm-1. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was developed for the total phenolic and flavonoids prediction using 100 different bee pollen samples with a variation range of 35.5- 17.6 mg GAE/g of pollen, 5.9-2.2 mg quercetin/g of pollen extract, respectively. Good correlation models of calibration were found for the analysed parameters with the next characteristics: 1) For total phenolic content: pre-processed spectra wave-length (2826-2490 + 2158+1823 cm-1) used second derivative pre-processing, root-mean- square error of estimation of 1.17 mg GAE/g of pollen,r2 of 92.2 % and a RPD of 3.6; 2) For flavonoids: pre-processed spectra wave-length (2858-1470 + 777-430 cm-1) used vector normalization pre-processing; root-mean-square error of estimation of 0.418 mg quercetin/g of pollen, r2 of 81.8 % and a RPD of 2.3.

TQP-025

Analysis on the individual foraging decision-makings in Apis cerana using a digital system recording automatically the individual identities provided by the p-Chips®

Baesung Kim1, Dae Gun Oh1, Changrae Cho2, Min Seok Choi1, Byoung-Jo Choi2,

Kil Won Kim1

1 Laboratory of Behavior and Ecology, Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University

2 Laboratory of Wireless Communication, Dept. of Embedded Systems Engineering, Incheon National Unive rsity

Republic of Korea

An important aspect of foraging behaviors in honeybee colonies is the ability to exploit food sites of good quality and recruit nestmates to the nectar sources. Most of such behaviors are considered as a swarm intelligence consisting of the numerous individual decision-makings interacting locally with one another and with their environment. In this study, we develop a computer system automatically recording individual identities in Apis cerana, in order to investigate individual behaviors and to analyze efficiently. In order to construct the system we used the p-Chip® which is an ultra-small micro-transponder tag (500x500x100 microns) carrying a unique serial number (ID), and the PharmaSeq wand which is a small device capable of reading the IDs of individual p-Chips® , one at a time (products by PharmaSeq Inc., 2015). The wand is connected to our computer system (hardware and so ft ware). Our experimenta l design wa s equipped with A. cerana nest (3 70x150x625 mm) co ntaining 4 co mbs (395x30x275mm) with removable transparent walls to observe inside of the hive occasionally. The individual recognition system was installed to the nest entrance which is custom-designed for the system and experiments. The artificial nectar source was placed 15m away from the hive where we installed the individual recognition system. We present here individual foraging behaviors of A. cerana recorded by the system including the individual recognition rate of the system, individual frequency of the out-nest activities, etc. The system might contribute to filling some substantial gaps in our knowledge with respect to individual decision-makings involved in the feeding ecology of honeybees.

442

TQP-026

How do we deal with some limitations of the melissopalynological analysis for the determination of honey botanical origin

Andreas Thrasyvoulou2, Panagiota Gotsiou1, Maria Dimou2

1CIHEAM-Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Greece

2 Laboratory of Apiculture & Sericulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Gree ce

The determination of the botanical origin of honey is very important for the marketing of the product. For the botanical evaluation, several methods including sensory, pollen and physicochemical analysis are been used. However, melissopalyological analysis is so far the main method used to define the botanical origin of blossom honeys. One of the main problems faced during pollen analysis of honeys is the presence of overor underrepresented pollen in the sediment. As these species are considered a significant source of variation for the results of pollen analysis (especially in cases where both overand under-represented pollen grains coexist in honeys), the International Honey Commission Geographical and Botanical Origin Working Group collected data about the most often present and under-represented pollen types in European honeys, as well as data about the way that the analysts are handling these honeys regarding their botanical evaluation. The results derived from 24 laboratories of Europe showed a great variation mainly in the final interpretation of the botanical origin among the analysts. Ways about the harmonisation of the results given among the melissopalynological laboratories are discussed.

TQP-027

The impact of geographical origin in 10-HDA in Greek royal jelly

Andreas Thrasyvoulou, Dimitris Kanelis, Chrysoula Tananaki, Eftychia Balla, Maria

Tzannetou

Aristotelian University, Greece

Royal Jelly (RJ) is a secretion from the mandibular and hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees. It has the properties to change a female worker honeybee into a queen. The compound 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) is found only in RJ as natural form and it is the major fatty acid of this product. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of 10-HDA in ninety nine samples collected from RJ producers from several Greek regions and to define the impact that the geographical origin may have on. For its determination the HPLC - DAD method was developed and validated. The Limit of Detection (LOD) was determined at 0.086 g mL-1 and the limit of quantification (LOQ) at 0.260 g mL-1. A five point calibration curve was created in the rang 0.002 - 0.5 mg mL- 1, while methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate was used as internal standard. The method showed good accuracy and precision. According to the suggested from the IHC limits (C10-HDA >1.4%), the 15.2% of the samples were off limits. The results showed that the RJ samples from the four origins had no significant differences in the concentrations of 10-HDA. The maximum concentration was observed at 6.41% and the minimum at 0.85%.

443

TQP-028

Proton-NMR-profiling to detect adulteration of honey

Cord Lüllmann, Gudrun Beckh, Arne Dübecke

Quality Services International GmbH, Germany

In the past, NMR-technology usually has been used e.g. for structure elucidation of chemical compounds. Recently, NMRprofiling of complex mixtures made it possible to build up reference databases consisting of several thousand sample profiles for juice and wine in order to detect a range of quality parameters in those matrices. As part of a cooperation between Quality Services International and Bruker BioSpin this approach is now being applied to the matrix honey to detect adulteration. More than 3.000 NMR-profiles have been measured so far and added to a reference database. In order to get a broad overview, the samples were taken from more than 45 geographical origins. A range of monofloral botanical origins was included to be able to trace back NMRsignals to certain honey specialities. This knowledge is needed to prevent false positives due to such signals deriving from monofloral honey rather than adulteration. Furthermore, comprehensive statistical evaluation of reference data was performed and statistical models developed to detect deviations in the NMR-profile to detect adulteration. The authenticity was ensured by performing classical methods, e.g. determination of ¹³C-isotopic ratio and HPLC-analysis of oligosaccharides. Additional analyses of deliberately adulterated samples were carried out to test the statistical model. The method allows for the detection of different types of adulteration of honey. Additional information on geographical and botanical origin is obtained as well.

TQP-029

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey – A current overview

Cord Lüllmann, Gudrun Beckh, Arne Dübecke

Quality Services International GmbH, Germany

For several years the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in different foodstuffs is known. Though, honey is probably the most intensively investigated foodstuff in terms of concentration of PAs. In August 2011 the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung) published a maximum recommended daily intake of 0.007 µg PA per kg bodyweight. Thus, a person of 60 kg bodyweight should not take more than 0.42 µg of PAs per day, which corresponds to a PA-concentration of 21 µg/kg and a consumption of 20 g of honey. Though no official limit, this recommendation poses pressure on honey trade. Due to reports in a range of journals as well as on television, PAs are in the focus of authorities and consumers alike. In 2014, a popular consumer journal in Germany tested a number of honeys bought in different supermarkets. For the first time PAs were within the scope of a test by a consumer journal. Tested honeys exceeding a PA-content of 20 µg/kg were downgraded by two marks, thus strongly influencing the acceptance by the consumers. This study shows an updated global overview of PA-concentrations and PA-patterns in honey.

TQP-030

Apalbumins as dominant proteinous components of European and Asian honeys

444

Tatiana Kritof Krakova1, Yoshi Yamaguchi2, Chi-Chung Peng3, Ludovit Gal4, Katarina

Bilikova1

1 Instutute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences

2 Japan Royal Jelly Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

3 Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, Taiwan

4 Slovak Association of Beekeepers, Bratislava, Slovakia

Honey, the primary food of honeybee worker, is product made by honey bees from nectar in process of regurgitation and evaporation, and store in wax honeycombs inside the beehive. The variety composition of honeys depends on the floral origin of the nectar, and chemical composition can vary also depending on the seasonal, regional and climatic conditions and on the honeybee colony. In presented work we show the similarities and differences of the protein composition of some typical monofloral European and Asian honeys. The immunochemical analysis of tested honey samples by using specific polyclonal antiapalbumins antibodies confirmed, that the major royal jelly proteins, are dominant proteinous part of honey. These proteins are not only the source of aminoacids for honeybee, but some of them possess different physiological activity including antibiotic properties. Moreover, we demonstrate, that besides honeybee enzymes (e.g. invertase, diastase, glucosooxydase, catalase) apalbumins play important role as the key factor in processing nectar to honey. While the proteins of floral origin can vary in honey depending on the nectar source, the apalbumins are always presented. The similar electrophoretic profile of apalbumins in honeys produced by European honeybee Apis mellifera and Asian honeybee Apis cerana confirmed, that these proteins are speciffic for genus apis.

TQP-031

Sugar out - dispersive solid phase extraction for the determination of four neonicotinoid residues in honey by HPLC-UV

Tu Xijuan, Gao Zhaosheng, Chen Wenbin, Wu Zhenhong, Miao Xiaoqing

College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.

In this paper, a novel sample preparation method called sugar out-dispersive solid phase extraction was used for the determination of four neonicotinoid insecticides (Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Thiacloprid and Acetamiprid) in honey. Acetonitrile was introduced into the aqueous honey solution to form aqueous two-phase system for the extraction of target compounds. The resultant mixtures were centrifugated to separate acetonitrile phase in which neonicotinoid insecticides were concentrated. After phase separation, extract was purified by using dispersive solid phase extraction, in which different absorption materials C18, PSA, and MgSO4 were studied. Then the obtained purified extract was analyse by HPLC-UV. Linearity was obtained with the coefficient higher than 0.999 from 0.07 to 11.2 ug/mL. Recoveries at three levels were between 84.3% and 97.8%. Limits of quantification were found to range from 25 to 100 ug/Kg.

TQP-032

The artificial swarm attractant for Apis cerana japonica

Fumio Sakamoto, Shota Hamajo, Yutaka Katsura , Masaaki Ohata

445

Kyoto Gakuen University, Japan

The flower of Cymbidium floribundum Lindl. (kinryohen) attracts swarming bees of Apis cerana japonica Rad (the Japanese honeybee) and the flower is used to capture swarms. In our former study 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid and 10-hydroxyl-(E)-2-decenoic acid were identified as the active components of the flower. Because the blooming of the flower changes often and does not coincide sometimes with the swarming, capture of swarms using raw flower is unstable. In order to test an artificial swarmattractant, we prepared a lure which contains a mixture of the synthesized active components. To clarify the effectiveness of our lure on capturing swarms, we conducted the two tests. One test was comparing the attractiveness to swarms between the lure treatments and controls (attractive test). Another test was comparing the capturing success in the field of five methods between 2011-2012 and 2013: in 2011-2012 we did not include the lure method, in 2013 we added the lure method (capturing success test). In the attractive test, 27 swarms out of 28 were captured by the lure treatments and one swarm was captured by the controls. In the capturing success test, 91 swarms out of 173 were captured by the conventional kinryohen methods in 2011-2012, but 21 swarms out of 196 were captured by the kinryohen methods in 2013. In the same test, 89 out of 196 were captured by our lure methods in 2013. As results of the tests, our lure was thought to be effective on capturing swarms.

TQP-033

Non-invasive monitoring of the Honey bee brood cycle.

Noa Simon Delso1, Martin Bencsik2, Yves Le Conte3, Didier Crauser3, Maritza Reyes3

1 CARI

2 NTU

3 INRA, France

The use of modern sensor technology to monitor honey bees is growing in popularity and it is of great interest to develop new methods which can more accurately and less invasively assess honey bee colony status. Our approach is to use accelerometers inserted in the central frame of the hives to measure vibrations in order to provide information on the colony bee population activity and development. The accelerometers provide both amplitude and frequency information which has been averaged and stored every three minutes and analysed for night time only. To complement vibrational data, visual inspection data of the colonies, particularly the brood development, are recorded for correlation. In this work we show that suitable vibrational data processing allows highly sensitive monitoring of the brood cycle in the vicinity of the sensor using only the vibrational amplitude distribution. We then explore the minimum data that is required, when frequency information is also included, to accurately determine the current point in the brood cycle.

TQP-034

Swarming prediction using vibration monitoring

Noa Simon Delso1, Martin Bencsik2, Yves Le Conte3, David Whittaker2, Maritza Reyes3

1 CARI

2 NTU

3 INRA, France

Swarming is the natural reproduction mechanism for honeybee colonies however the majority of beekeepers actively work at controlling it or at least managing it. Swarming is particularly undesirable for commercial bee

446

keepers for whom the ability to predict swarming would allow them to actively intervene more efficiently. In this work we show that the vibrations from a honey bee hive can be used to predict, several days in advance, when a hive is going to swarm. Vibrations have been measured, using accelerometers installed in the central frames of honey bee hives, for over a year and the colonies have been allowed to swarm. Principal component analysis has been applied to the averaged vibrational spectra to red uce the data to a smaller number of relevant variables. The principal components have then been further used, along with observation of the dates that colonies have swarmed, in discriminant function analysis to discriminate the non-swarming from the preswarming events in discriminant function space. The results provide the basis for a hive monitoring tool that could alert the bee keeper well in advance of swarming, and reduce the need to visually inspect those colonies that do not intend to swarm.

TQP-035

A non-invasive technique for signalling a failing honey bee colony during the winter months.

Noa Simon Delso1, Martin Bencsik2, Yves Le Conte3, David Whittaker2, Maritza Reyes3

1 CARI

2 NTU

3 INRA, France

In this work we describe a non-invasive technique for signalling a failing honey bee colony during the winter months. Vibrations have been measured from twenty different hives using accelerometers embedded within the wax of the central comb. The accelerometers provide frequency resolved amplitude information which has been averaged and recorded every three minutes and analysed for night time only. The data shows that for colonies that did not survive the winter a clear drop in vibrational amplitude can be observed in the run up to failure. This is what would be expected as the number of bees falls, but alone does not provide a robust technique as the central location of the bees may also move away from the accelerometer. However, we show that colony failure is also systematically accompanied, up to 2 weeks before failure, by an increase in a characteristic frequency, normally observed in any healthy colony from accelerometers embedded in the wax of the comb, at around 125 Hz. Taken together, the fall in amplitude and the increase in the 125 Hz frequency feature give advanced warning that a colony is due to fail and offer the chance for remedial action to be taken.

TQP-036

Overview of typical pesticide residues in honey and hive products (bee pollen, royal jelly, beeswax and propolis)

Lutz Elflein, Melanie Lehneke, Harald König, Katharina Schmidt

Intertek Food Services GmbH, Olof-Palme-Str. 8, D-28719 Bremen, Germany

Pesticide residues in honey and hive products are a sensitive topic as honey and bee products (bee pollen, royal jelly, beeswax and propolis) are considered as pure and natural food. Maximum residue levels (MRLs) for pesticide residues in honey, royal jelly and bee pollen are given in Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005. According to article 18 of this regulation, a default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg was set for those products for which no specific MRL is set out in Annexes II or III, or for active substances not listed in Annex IV. MRLs for bee treatment agents are stated in Regulation (EC) No. 470/2009. The analysis of hundreds of honey and bee product samples in 2014,

447

determined the most typical pesticide residues. Additionally, an overview of more or less affected origins and the situation of organic products were given. Moreover, difficulties in legal interpretation are highlighted for some real life cases. On top, the tendency of the residue situation in honey over the past 5 years will be shown. The Multi-residue method used covers about 300 pesticides including bee treatment agents. For the sample preparation of honey, bee pollen, royal jelly and beeswax the QuEChERS-technique was used. Propolis samples were prepared with a modified version of the “DFG S-19” and a new inhouse method.

TQP-037

A rapid, inexpensive and field-deployable cavity ringdown spectroscopy based system to detect C4 sugar adulteration of honey

Nabil Saad

Picarro, Inc.

Honey is one of a number of natural products that are regularly tested for adulteration with lower cost sweeteners such as High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) and cane sugar, know as C4 sugars. Such frequent adulteration poses a problem for scrupulous honey producers and importers who end up operating at a cost disadvantage. The problem is significant enough that U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents regularly test for adulteration in honey shipments. Carbon isotope ratio analysis is a well-known tool used to detect food adulteration by comparing botanical isotopic signatures. The stable carbon isotope value, 13C, of plant material or plant-derived products is the metric identifying botanical origin. Scientists have not used this value to its full extent to detect food adulteration due to the considerable difficulty, time and cost of obtaining 13C data using traditional IRMS instrumentation. In contrast, Picarro’s CM-CRDS platform can quickly test for fraudulent adulteration of honey by measuring both the 13C/12C isotope ratio of the honey sample itself and that of the protein content isolated from honey. The faster and less costly Combustion Module-Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy system (CM-CRDS) provides 13C values equivalent or better than values obtained using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy (IRMS) for honey samples. The study we present here covers the published AOAC ISCIRA method. The data shows excellent precision. The results further validate the use of the Picarro CMCRDS as a screening tool for food products in general and specifically for honey samples analysis.

TQP-038

Melissopalynology of the Portuguese lavender honey (Lavandula spp.)

448

Given the growing consumer interest on unifloral honeys, it is crucial to establish standards values to guarantee the authenticity, underlying its higher price. In Portugal, the unifloral honey with higher production comes from three wild species of the genus Lavandula, growing spontaneously: L. pedunculata (Mill.) Cav., the most abundant; L. stoechas L., with the subspecies stoechas and luisieri; and L. viridis L 'Her., with smaller growth geographic area. The almost total absence of studies at national level associated with the observed differences towards the standards of European honeys of the same genus, are generating some resistance in their international recognition. This work, with a national scope and funding by the National Beekeeping Program (PAN 2014-2016), focus on the characterization of unifloral honey from Lavandula spp, where the melissopalynological analysis is a strategical information used to access the botanical and geographical classification. The qualitative and quantitative melissopalynological analysis of 75 honey samples, collected in areas with previous survey of floristic potential, revealed that more than 60% of samples can be classified as unifloral Lavender honey, with Lavandula pollen percentages (known as underrepresentative) that goes from a minimum of 15% to as much as 61%. This information, coupled with the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the same samples, will allow to establish the limits to define the Portuguese Lavender honey.

TQP-039

Requirements of Queen Bee Production and Points to Take Into Consideration

Neslihan Ozsoy, Miray Dayioglu

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock - Aegean Agricultural Research Institute,

Turkey

Türkiye has the presence of 6 million hive and 94 thousand tons of honey annual production, which has a large field flora, diversity and long nectar flow period, ranks second in the world. In this peerless natural wealth, the performans of colonies in the production of honey, pollen and other bee products depends on strongly entering the honey production period.The most basic elements to determining the the performance, production and behavioural characteristics of honey bee colonies, is quality properties and age of queen bee.The colonies strongly entering the honey production period due to depends on directly queen bee quality and age, beekeepers have to produce the queen bee when they needs to renew the queen bee.For the produce a quality queen bee has to known quenn bee breeding values as well as there are many important factors.Colonies properties which will use to produce the queenbee, the method of queen bee upbringing, the quality and population os starter and finisher colonies, the quality and population of drone, season, the flora situation, the number of larvae that is transferred a colony, larval age and nutrition of larvae are major factors to be considered. In this review, issues to be considered to improve the quenn bee produce effiency and quality and the importance, requirement of queen bee produce and to make the practice-oriented literature research, to propound the practice-oriented points and the requirements are aimed.

TQP-040

Study of heavy metals in the Iranian propolis

Sayed Mazaher Sayedi

Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources

449