Apimondia 2015 Abstract book (South Korea)

challenges of honey processing and export and seeking strategic intervention options to unleash the potential. Data from national and international sources were addressed. Therefore, the study indicated that, due to knowledge gap, failure in meeting international requirements including food safety standards like ISO and HACCP, limited promotion done in marketing and poor linkage among stakeholders, the country is not benefiting from the huge resources. The revival in the private sector participation has not been accompanied either by a significant increase in volume nor in the diversification of export. Therefore, policy support in terms of diverse incentive mechanisms; encouraging more research and development work so as to benefit smallholder farmers and processors and the need for traceability and residue monitoring exercise has to be in place to be competent in the global market. Better business communication with potential buyers and back and forth linkage with stakeholders along the value chain are also very important for the transformation of the sector from the current staggering stage to globally competitive agribusiness.

BEP-009

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-herpes simplex virus of used bee hive extract

Jakkrawut Maitip, Yingmanee Tragoolpua, Panuwan Chantawannakul

Chiang Mai University, Thailand

Beekeeping is considered a highly valued industry agroindustrial across the world. Many researches were temped to creating and improving bee products mostly from honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and venom but no study about utilizing of waste from beekeeping industry particularly used-beehive. To use, the used-beehive was extracted by simple maceration technique and purified to get a concentrated bee-hive extract (BHE). In our previous study, chemical analysis indicated that BHE had moderate concentration of phenolic and flavonoid derivatives compound, which are reflects the antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluation the antibacterial, antifungal and anti-HPV activity of BHE. Experimental results indicated that BHE had antibacterial, antifungal and anti-HPV properties. This is the first report of BHE that could be an alternative cheap source for antioxidant and antimicrobial that can be use as medicinal agent in medical application.

BEP-010

Management of Africanized honey bees in semiarid Northeast Brazil

Darcet Costa Souza1, Sergio Viana Medeiros1, Juliana do Nascimento Bendini1, Sinevaldo Gonçalves Moura1, Umeko Soeiro Takeshita1, Michelle Manfrini Morais 2, David De Jong3

1 UFPI

2 UNIFESP

3 FMRP/USP, Brazil

Our objective was to test management recommendations we developed in an attempt to reduce absconding and increase productivity of Africanized honey bee apiaries in semiarid Northeast Brazil. This region has had the largest expansion of apiculture in the country, accounting for a large proportion of Brazilian honey exports. Though considerable honey is produced during the rainy season, many colonies abscond during the long dry

360

season. An experimental apiary was managed with techniques designed to reduce such losses. This included shade for the hives, water available nearby, young queens and maintenance feeding during the drought period. The hives were provided with protein patties consisting of ground soy flour, honey and sucrose. The experiment was initiated in September 2013, during a dearth period, and the 11 colonies were followed until the rainy season began in early 2014, when flowers were again available. The results were compared with those of apiaries of six local beekeepers in the same area, all of whom used traditional let alone management. In the experimental apiary, 27% of the colonies absconded, while in the beekeeper’s apiaries, the mean loss was 30%, ranging from 0 to 83%. The mean productivity of the surviving colonies in the experimental apiary was 31 kg, while in the apiaries submitted to conventional management it was only 15 kg, ranging from a mean of 0 to 19 kg/hive. The investment required is more than compensated by increased survival and productivity of the colonies.

BEP-011

Current status of beekeeping industry and pest management in Korea: A questionnaire analysis

Chuleui Jung2, Sungmin Jeong1, Changyeol Lee1

1 Department of Bioresource Sciences, Graduate School, Andong National University, Andong 760-749,

Korea

2 Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Korea

A questionaire study for the current beekeeping status, management problems including honeybee pest and diseases as well as other environmental issues were conducted for the nationwide mostly from the professional beekeepers. Total 278 answers were analysed. The average beekeepers have 19.5 years of career with 219 colonies of Apis mellifera. Average wintering Success was 82 % with the primary reason for wintering failure as weak colony and food shortage. No significant increase of winter mortality was noticed. Most beekeepers are concerned on two species of parasitic mites, Varroa and Trapilaelaps followed by predatory vespa hornet and foulbrood. Preventive control of pest and disease are practiced about 6 times a year. For the vespa, southern parts of peninsula are mostly damaged. Significant number of beekeepers experiences honey bee mortality from the environmental noise and vibration from the construction sites, as well as to chemical contamination from the crop growing area.

361

Bee Biology

BBP-001

How environmental factors in al-hassa, Saudi Arabia affect queen honeybee mating

Saad Alkahtani

College of Agri. & Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of environmental factors on mating of queens (Apis mellifera) under AL-Hassa conditions. Results showed that the most successful periods for mating the queens were: in March (87.5%), April (100%) and May (100%). In July, the percentage of mated queens had decreased to 20 % and then fell to 0 % for the remaining months. In March and April a number of colonies repeatedly became queenless and more than one replacement virgin queen had to be introduced in this situation. Merops spp. (Beeeater) was observed in large numbers in and around the bee yard during the mating months and may have been responsible for the demise of the new queens. During the experiment mean daily temperature (r =0.4073) was observed. In addition, there was a highly positive significant correlation between the percentage of mated queens and the mean no. of combs covered with bees (r = 0.4892). However, a highly negative significant correlation was detected with mean relative humidity (RH %) (r = -0.8360), whereas, there was no significant correlation with the mean amount of sealed drone brood in the tested colonies (r =0.1320). Based on these findings we might suggest that spring (April and May) is the most successful time for rearing and mating virgin queens in queenless colonies.

BBP-002

Simple methods to prepare body parts of honey bees for morphometric analysis, and to establish morphometry maps

Hossam Abou Shaara

Damanhour University, Egypt

Measuring honey bee morphological characters are very important for systematic purposes and for measuring the degree of hybridization among populations. The traditional method for mounting honey bee body parts requires mounting on glass slides, sometimes with the use of permanent or temporary dyes especially this is particularly tedious and time-consuming in investigations examining large numbers of individuals. A simple method for mass mounting of honey bee body parts using simple materials is described, including heads, wings and legs, to facilitate taking morphological measurements. A new method for presenting and analyzing the morphometric data of honey bees is also presented. Beside the traditional methods for analyzing the morphometric data of honey bees morphometry maps were created using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The steps for creating the morphometry maps and the possible methods for the data analysis were illustrated and discussed. The morphometry maps enable the comparison between honey bee samples belong to different regions with no limit to the number of the measured characters. Moreover, various statistical analysis methods can be applied to all measured characters at the same time. Such morphometry maps could be considered as an important development for honey bee morphometry.

362

BBP-003

Characterization and track changes of morphological characters in honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies at ElBehera governorate, Egypt

Hossam Abou Shaara, Mostafa Ahmed

Damanhour Universit, Egypt

Measuring of morphological characters of honey bees, Apis mellifera, at different times is important to assess the degree of races purity, to predict colonies productivity, and to understand environmental impacts on honey bees. The study aims to characterize honey bees of El-Behera governorate (a governorate with agricultural and apicultural importance) in Egypt, and to track occurred changes to their morphological characters since 2007. Samples of honey bee workers were collected from four districts at ElBehera governorate. Subsequently, nine body and six wing characters were measured. Morphological characters of honey bees belong to these districts were previously measured during 2007. To track changes, a comparison between new (2014) and previous (2007) measurements of morphological characters was done. The cluster analysis of studied colonies showed presence of two clusters with high overlapping. The first cluster has mostly hybrid colonies of Carniolan X Egyptian honey bees while the second cluster has hybrid colonies of Italian X Egyptian honey bees. The current bees of El-Behera governorate are slightly larger than those of 2007 revealing no reduction in colonies productivity is existed. Environmental factors did not present huge stress on the colonies since 2007.

BBP-004

Biometric study of Algerian bee colonies

Hami Halima, Berkani Mohamed Laid

Superior National School of agromonie, ENSA, Algiers, Algeria

The study of morphometric characters of bees is one of the steps of a conservation program diversity. The objective of this study is to determine the morphometric characteristics of Apis mellifera intermessa in the north of Algeria to establish the purity of bee colonies. Samples of a minimum of 60 bees apiary location and are collected in 20 hives in 20 wilayas studied during the years 2011 and 2013. The measures relating to the six morphometric characters of the workers , the cubital index , tongue, tomentum , pilosity and coloring are made with a stereo - microscope. The analysis of cubital index showed that bees outside East which had an average value of 2.30, the bees all other localities had lower 2.30 indices. The results showed that the bees can be classified according to the value of their cubital index, in three rather distinct groups.This study having revealed a significant variation in the characters morphometric of the bee in the North of Algeria, it is important to adopt suitable strategies for the conservation of their diversity.

363

BBP-005

Morphology and transcriptome differences between the haploid and diploid drones of Apis cerana

Weiyu Yan, Haiyan Gan, ZhiJiang Zeng

Honeybee Research Institute, China

In general, drone honey bees are haploid and develop from unfertilized eggs. However, a diploid drone can arise in an inbred colony. In this study, the morphology and transcriptome differences between haploid and diploid drones of Apis cerana were analyzed. The newly emerged weight and reproductive organs of diploid drones were significantly lighter than those of haploid drones. However, for other characteristics (the fore wing length, fore wing width and number of wing hooks), the differences were not obvious. For transcriptome analysis, approximately 7.50 million reads from the haploid drones and 4.44 million reads from the diploid drones of Apis cerana were obtained by RNA-seq. Additionally, all of the clean reads were assembled into 59,916 unique reads with a mean length of 1357 bp. Among them, 24,625 unigenes were annotated. Using these unigenes as reference sequences, the gene expression differences between the diploid and haploid drones were investigated. A total of 649 genes were differentially expressed between them, with 507 up-regulated and 142 down-regulated in the haploid drones compared to the diploid drones. Of them, cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome P450, vitellogenin, hexamerin and paramyosin were down-regulated in diploid drones, while several muscle formation genes were up-regulated.

BBP-006

Transcriptome comparison between newly emerged and sexual matured bees Apis mellifera

Xiaobo Wu, Zilong Wang, Weiyu Yan, Zhijiang Zeng

Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, China

In order to understand the transcriptome characteristics of queens and drones of honeybee Apis mellifera, and enrich the transcriptome data. The transcriptome differences of queen and drones Apis mellifera ligustica during sexual maturating were compared using high-throughput RNA-Seq. The results revealed that more than 31 567 186 raw reads per library were obtained and the ratio of clean reads was over 87% which indicated that the quality of sequencing was considerably reliabe. We found that the genes encoding cuticular proteins/ apidermins, CYP and odorant binding proteins were differentially expressed between the sexually matured bees and the newly emerged bees which are related to developments of bones, reproductive system and olfaction system. The results indicated that the expression levels of a large number of genes changed during maturing of A. mellifera L bees, which give us an insight into the characteristics of the development in adult queen and drone and a lot of transcript sequences with important function were acquired for future genes expression or regulation research about growth, development and reproduction in A. mellifera.

364

BBP-007

Differential responses of Apis mellifera heat shock protein genes to heat shock, flower-thinning formulations, and imidacloprid

Jinmo Koo1, Tae-Gwon Son2, Soo-Yeon Kim3, Kyeong-Yeoll Lee1

1 Kyungpook National University

2 Apple Co.

3 Gyeongsanbuk-Do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Republic of Korea

The honey bee, Apis mellifera, is a cosmopolitan pollination insect. Recently, global populations of honey bees have rapidly declined owing to colony collapse disorder (CCD), the mechanism of which is still unknown. Here, we used mRNA levels of heat shock protein (HSP) genes as molecular markers of response to three types of external stress: thermal shock, flower-thinning agents, and pesticides. When worker bees were exposed to temperatures of 4, 27, 40, 45 and 50°C for 1 h, decreased survival occurred only at 50°C. Further, increased levels of hsp70, grp78, and hsp90, but not hsp40, were detected, and reached a maximum at 45C, particularly in the hypopharyngeal glands and fat bodies. Artificial ingestion of two flower-thinning agents containing either 0.1% boron and zinc, or 1% sulfur increased hsp70 and grp78 levels at different rates without affecting hsp40 and hsp90 levels, and had no effect on workers’ mortality. However, ingestion of imidacloprid solution (0.5–50 ppm) increased mortality in workers and decreased the levels of hsp70, grp78, and hsp90 in a dose-dependent manner. Our results showed that the responses of honey bees to each hsp are differential and highly specific to different stresses. This study suggests that the unique expression profiles of hsps can be used as valuable tools for monitoring the susceptibility of honey bees to various environmental impacts.

BBP-008

Effects of Trap Nests on the Rate of Trap-Nesting Solitary Bees of the genus Osmia

Hyung Joo Yoon1, Kyeong Yong Lee1, Sun Young Kim1, Young Bo Lee1, Namjung Kim1,

Byung Rae Jin2

1 National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology

2 Dong-A University, Republic of Korea

Trap-Nesting of the genus Osmia Nest traps are one of the most common methods to study Osmia bees. To elucidate the optimal environmental conditions of nesting sites, we investigated the effects of location, direction, altitude, and sites of nest traps on the rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. During the collection period, the average rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. collected within 90 days after the installation of traps was 17.0±20.0%. This percentage was 2.7-fold higher than that of trapnesting bees in 30 days after the installation of traps. The Jeongseon location exhibited the highest rates of trap-nesting Osmia spp. collected in 30 and 90 days, representing 11.1 ±17.6% and 23.2±22.5%, respectively. The direction of the nest traps did not affect the rate of trap-nesting Osmia spp. The altitude ranges of the traps were 0-199 m, 200-399 m, 400-599 m, 600-799 m and over 800 m.

365

Interestingly, the altitude range of 600-799 m showed the highest rate of trap-nesting bees, which was 40.4±3.9%. Higher altitudes seemed to correspond to higher rates of trap-nesting bees. With regards to the sites where the nests were placed, the rate of trap-nesting bees in a mud wall of an old house was 45.1±25.2%, which was 3-fold higher than that of a nest in an apple orchard. The flowering plants collected at different locations during the trapnesting activity of Osmia bees belonged to 18 families and 34 species. In conclusion, the rates of trap nests colonized by Osmia spp. were affected by altitude, site, and plant diversity.

BBP-009

The optimal method and solution for collecting sperm of bumblebee male

Hyung Joo Yoon, Kyeong Yong Lee, Yong Bo Lee, Young Hee Cho

The National Academy of Agricultural Science, Republic of Korea

Artificial insemination is a technique to transfer instrumentally sperm from the male into the female’s reproductive system. A key factor among artificial insemination techniques is gathering sperms. Here, a method for collecting sperm of bumblebee male by pressing was firstly developed. This method has stage of separating reprodutive tract of male, separating accessory testis, separating vas deferens, pressing vas deferens with cover-glass and collecting sperm with syringe. The developed method was 2.8 fold higher in rate of collecting sperm than that of existing method. Among 1M NaCl-, Insect ringer solution-, Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-collecting sperm solutions, PBS was exhibited the best result as 17.2 sperms/cell, which corresponded to 1.6-1.8 fold increased over the result of other collecting sperm solution. Consequently, we think that this method is very important technique to save time for collecting sperm, to keep activity of sperm and to reduce contamination of sperm.

BBP-010

A combination method of CO2-Narcosis and cold treatment for breaking diapause of Bombus ignitus and

Bombus terrestris bumblebee queens

Hyung Joo Yoon, Kyeong Yong Lee, Yong Bo Lee

The National Academy of Agricultural Science, Republic of Korea

Bumblebees are important pollinators of crops and wildflowers. Bumblebees generally produce one generation per year. One of the key stages for year-round rearing of bumblebees is breaking diapause. To evaluate the effects of a combination method of CO2-narcosis and cold treatment to break the diapause of B. ignitus and B. terrestris queens, we determined whether this method affected their ability to establish a colony after the diapause break. The diapause treatment regimes that were utilized were CO2 (CO2–narcosis), CT-1M (cold treatment at 5°C for 1 month), CT-1M-CO2 (CO2–narcosis after cold treatment for 1 month), CT-2M-CO2 (CO2–narcosis after cold treatment for 2 months), CT-2M (cold treatment for 2 months), CT-2.5M-CO2 (CO2–narcosis after cold treatment for 2.5 months) and CT-2.5M (cold treatment at 5°C for 2.5 months). In view of the effects on the colony

366

developmental characteristics of B. ignitus queens, the most favorable diapause treatment was CT-1M-CO2. A combination method of CO2–narcosis and cold temperature treatment yielded better results than that of single CO2–narcosis or cold temperature treatment on the colony development of diapause-broken B. ignitus queens. In the case of B. terrestris queens, we concluded that a combination method of CO2 and cold temperature treatment yielded better results than that of a single coldtemperature (up to 2 months) treatment. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that the combined application of CO2 and cold temperature was a favorable method for the colony development of diapause-broken B. ignitus and B. terrestris queens compared with only CO2– narcosis or cold temperature treatments. A combination method of CO2 and cold treatment reduced the side effect of CO2–narcosis and shortened the duration of cold treatment by at least 1 month.

BBP-011

De novo assembly and comparative genomic analysis of Lactobacillus kunkeei isolated from the gut of a Chilean honey bee

Freddy Asenjo1, Juan Ugalde2, Nicole Trombert2

1 Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello

2 Universidad Mayor, Chile

The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most important pollinator in agriculture worldwide, playing a key role in the human food supply by providing pollination services for diverse crops. One of the most common species present in the honey bee gut microbiota is Lactobacillus kunkeei. We previously isolated a L. kunkeei strain (denominated as MP2) from the gut of a Chilean honey bee. The genome of this strain was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, which resulted in a draft genome of 44 contigs, for a total genome size of 1,581,395 bp, and 826 wellannotated protein coding-genes. The nature of the short-reads used for this assembly, did not allowed to resolve the complete genome without gaps, and complicated the analysis as multiple repetitions, such as the presence of multiple copies of the ribosomal operon, could not be resolved in this draft genome. To overcome this limitations, we performed a resequencing of the L. kunkeei MP2 genome, using single molecule sequencing with the Pacific Biosciences platform. This de novo assembly, resulted in one single contig compromising the complete genome of L. kunkeei MP2 in a single 1,614,522 chromosome. This allowed us to perform comparative genomic analysis of our isolated of Lactobacillus kunkeei against others strains of Lactobacillus, with bioinformatic tools, showing a cluster of unique genes in our isolate.

BBP-012

Honeybee preservatin centers in Western Europe: an innovative strategy using sustainable beekeeping to reduce honeybee decline

Miguel Vilas Boas1, Alice Pinto1, Lionel Garnery2, Hélène Legout2, Vincent Douarre3, Sylvie Houte3, Jean-François Odoux4, Andone Estonba5,

367

Irati Miguel5, Iratxe Montes5, Noel Mallet6, Claude Grenier6, Jean-Charles Labat6,

Luc Champin6, Jonathan Colombet7, Samuel Guyot7, Telesphore Sime-Ngando7, Frédéric

Delbac7, David G. Biron7

1 Polytechnic Institute of Braganca, Portugal

2 EGCE, UMR CNRS 9191, PARIS, France

3 Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - approved ILTER - UPR CNRS 1934, France

4 Centre INRA Poitou-Charentes, France

5 University of the Basque Country, Spain

6 Lycée Professionnel Agricole / Centre Régional de formation d’Apprentis, St-Gervais, France

7 LMGE, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France

Apis mellifera is subdivided into at least 26 physiologically, behaviourally and morphologically distinct subspecies. As an agronomical species of interest, the natural distribution of honeybee subspecies has been disturbed for many decades by beekeeping activities, particularly because of international trade of honeybees. These movements were particularly amplified this last decade due to livestock rebuilding to counter the effects of colony losses. An interesting assumption is that current honeybee declines observed in European apiaries can be caused by commercial and European trades of honeybees by (i) the introduction (for their apicultural traits) of nonadapted and artificially maintained colonies, and (ii) the spread of allochtone and invasive pathogens carried by allochtones bees. Genetic surveys have demonstrated that some populations of honeybee subspecies are adapted to local climate and flora. Those populations thus constitute particularly interesting populations to study and preserve in a context of sustainable beekeeping. BEEHOPE, our BioDIVERSA ERANET funded project, is to set up, according to a North/South gradient, genetic conservatories of original naturally distributed honeybee populations. These honeybee conservation areas will have as missions: (i) to characterize the genetic and ecoethologic diversity of honeybees from the West-Mediterranean lineage, (ii) to preserve the genetic diversity of those populations, (iii) to constitute a reserve of diversity usable by the honeybee industry and by beekeepers, (iv) to study the impact of the domesticated honeybee in the maintenance of local floristic diversity, and (v) to be able to use the honeybee as a bio-collector and as a biological indicator of environmental quality.

BBP-013

Desmometopa sordida (Fallén), a freeloader fly (Milichiidae, Diptera), found kleptoparasitic on a dead honeybee in Korea

Hyon Chong (Hyun Jung) Choe1, Heung Sik Lee2

2 Quarantine Inspection Agency, Republic of Korea

Freeloader flies (Family Milichiidae) have been occasionally noted as kleptoparasites of various insects including honey bee. Desmometopa sordida (Fallén) that has not been reported from Korea was found on a dead honey bee, in Seoul, recently. Kleptoparasitic behaviors of this species have been repeatedly recorded that they possibly ride on predatory arthropds and sarcophagous on the hunted prey. Distribution of the fly has been reported from temperate regions in northern hemisphere, including many European countries, Asia (Mongolia and Japan) and North America (U.S. and Canada).

368

BBP-014

Comparison of different stimulation methods on the colony initiation of subtropical area bumblebees Bombus eximius of Taiwan

Ching_Hao Chiang

Der-Lin University, Taiwan

The bumblebee B. eximius has potential as a pollinator for crop pollination programs in subtropical area of Taiwan. In this study, the different of stimulation methods effects on colony initiation of B. eximius queens were compared to increase rearing efficiency and reduce production costs. Total of 62 queens obtained from field in central and north Taiwan. Use four different stimulation methods: only queen alone (q), one queen and one B. eximius pupa (qep), one queen and two honeybee workers (qhw) and one queen with one newly emerged B. eximius worker (qew). The result that four group in egg laying ratio, colony production ratio, progeny queen production ratio as show below: q (50.0, 30.0, 66.6%), qep (77.7, 61.1, 71.4%), qhw (50.0, 35.7, 57.1%) and qew group (85.0, 75.0, 80.0%), respectively. The colony initiation time, total number of queens in four group as show below: q (16.00±3.24 days, 16.33±1.53 ), qep (6.50±2.24 days, 21.57±6.63 ), qhw ( 17.57±2.15 days, 18.29±2.87 ) and qew group (5.24±1.99 days, 22.87±4.98 ), respectively. The result showed that adding the B. eximius worker and add pupa (qep) is the good methods for simulative the queen staring laying egg in mass production the subtropical area bumblebees colony of Taiwan.

BBP-015

2-Heptanone secreted by honey bees acts as a local anaesthetic

Max Watkins3, Alexandros Papachristoforou1, Alexia Kagiava1, Chrisovalantis

Papaefthimiou1, Aikaterini Termentzi2, Nikolas Fokialakis2, Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis2

Gérard Arnold4, George Theophilidis1

1 Aristotle University, Thessaloniki

2University of Athens

3 Vita (Europe) Ltd

4 CNRS, France

We demonstrate our discovery, that 2-Heptanone (2-H), secreted from the mandibular glands of honeybees acts as an anaesthetic in small arthropods, such as wax moth larva (WML) and Varroa mites, which are paralysed after a honeybee bite. The effect of 2-heptanone on larval wax moth response is analogous to that of lidocaine, a known local anaesthetic in mammals. A comparative study was made on the inhibitory effects of 2-heptanone and lidocaine on voltage-gated sodium channels of mammalian cells and examination was also made using the isolated rat sciatic nerve. Our results reveal a previously unknown role of 2-heptanone in honeybee defensive behaviour. Further studies have shown 2- heptanone to have analgesic and anaesthetic properties in mammalian systems. Together with its low neurotoxicity, this naturallyoccurring molecule shows potential for development in the fields of human and veterinary medicine.

369