Apimondia 2015 Abstract book (South Korea)

Virus infections of the honeybee (Apis cerana) have been increasingly investigated during the last decade. In general, honeybee viruses are widespread and most of them persist as inapparent infections. Sacbrood disease characterized by brood that fails to pupate and subsequently dies, is an important threat honeybee health. The disease is caused by the sacbrood virus (SBV). We were artificially infected SBV in larvae by feeding SBV suspension. In this study, The honeybee larvae were transferred to 24 well cell culture plate and fed basic diet(6% glucose, 6% fructose, yeast extract, 50% royal jelly) and incubated at 35, high humidity(80%). The larvae were artificially infected with Sacbrood virus by feeding SBV suspension with basic diet. After 8 days, infected larvae were ground with GTNE buffer then, centrifuged for remove debris except virus. And supernatant filtered using 0.45m, 0.22 m filters. In order to purify SBV, we were proceeded Sucrose density gradient centrifugation. virus band was observed at 40%–50 % sucrose-TNE gradients and harvested SBV then, scanning Transmission electron microscopy(TEM).a real-time PCR assay was performed using honeybee larvae RNA. In order to obtain the RNA of larvae artificially infected with SBV, infected larvae were Crushed up and RNA extracted using a viral genespine viral DNA/RNA extraction kit(Intron) from The homogenate. real-time PCR quantitative PCR amplification was performed in 20l reaction Mixture using One Step SYBR PrimeScript RT-PCR Kit (TaKaRa) and 10pmol of each specific primer. We confirmed the Sacbrood virus in larvae that were infected SBV by feeding SBV suspension, from scanning TEM image and Real-time PCR results. TEM image of larvae homogenate shows picorna like virus that have 27.8±0.4 nm size. And Real-time PCR result shows as infection period goes by, number of sacbrood virus increased in infected larvae. Feeding method is more safety and give less stress to larvae during experiment. artificial infection method is important In order to discover infection mechanism of SBV in honeybee larva and development therapeutic agent for against sacbrood disease. And Feeding virus method make possible obtain increased sacbrood virus.

BHP-056

Homology between complete Korean Sacbrood viruse genomes in Apis cerana and Apis mellifera

Mi-Sun Yoo, Kondreddy Eswar Reddy, Hyun-Ji Seo, Ha-Na Jung, Woo Ram Bae,

Hee-Soo Lee, Seung-Won Kang, Yun Sang Cho

Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea

Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the most destructive honeybee viruses in the world. The virus causes failure to pupate and death in both larvae and adult honeybees. In this study, three complete Korean SBV genome sequences of KSBV1 from A. mellifera, KSBV2 and KSBV3 from A. cerana were isolated from different regions of Korea. These three Korean complete genome sequences were determined and aligned with seven previously reported complete SBV genome sequences from various countries and phylogenetic tree was constructed. The KSBV1 shared 90% similarity with KSBV2 and KSBV3; and KSB2 shared 97% similarity with KSBV3 genotype. These three Korean KSBVs showed 89–97% similarity with different country genotypes. In the phylogenetic tree KSBV1 diverged and formed a separate branch from the KSBV2 and KSBV3 genotypes. Interestingly, KSBV2 and KSBV3 genotypes continuously were missing 51 nucleotides in poly protein region, between 2297 and 2347 (present in KSBV1). The differences in the KSBV2 and KSBV3 strains may be the cause for mutations or virus adapting to a different host.

410

BHP-057

Complete SBV genome isolation and comparison from A. cerana and A. mellifera in Vietnam

Mi-Sun Yoo, Kondreddy Eswar Reddy, Hyun-Ji Seo, Ha-Na Jung, Woo Ram Bae,

Hee-Soo Lee, Seung-Won Kang1, Yun SangCho

Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea

Sacbrood virus (SBV) is one of the most severe threats to the health of Apis cerana and A. mellifera. SBV which infects the Vietnam honeybee was named as a Vietnami sacbrood virus (VSBV). From few years, the honey yield had been reduced up to 40-80%, due to cause by VSBV. In the present study, we have isolated six complete genome sequences of SBV from Vietnam and compared the genetic relationships and variations among them. Adult and larva samples of A. cerana and A. mellifera were collected from different provinces of North and South Vietnam. Fifteen sets of primers were used to amplify overlapping PCR products. The amplified products were purified and sequenced then each sequence fragment was compiled and aligned to build a continuous complete genome sequence using BioEdit version 7.0.9.0 based on the Korean SBV sequence as a reference. We have isolated six complete Vietnam SBV genome sequences: AcSBV-Viet1, AcSBV-Viet2, AcSBV-Viet3, AmSBVViet4, AcSBVViet5 and AmSBV-Viet6. Vietnam SBV genotypes shared 92-99% identity with each other and shared 89-94% similarity with other countries and form a separate clustered with various country genotypes. AmSBV-Viet6 showed geographically separated with other Vietnam genotypes. In the ORF region showed more variations among the genotypes. In the VP1 region AmSBVViet6 genotype contains 17 aminoacids more than other Vietnam genotypes and similar with European genotypes. This may cause for geographical variations or virus adapting to a different host.

BHP-058

Nosema Disease in Korea: A. mellifera and, A. cerana

Yong Soo Choi1, Myeong Lyeol Lee1, Man Young Lee1, Hye Kyung Kim1, Kyu ho Byeon1

1 NAAS, Republic of Korea

Nosema disease was found on both Korean native bee Apis cerana and exotic honey bee Apis mellifera. The samples of both honeybee species were collected from March to May, 2014 at the A. cerana and A. mellifera apiaries of NAAS, Suwon, and republic of Korea. The presence of Nosema spores was checked and the infection rate of colony was calculated. We found out Nosema spores on both A. cerana and A. mellifera colonies in all sampled months. The average number of spores per bee on A. cerana colonies in March (3,598,500 spores) and May (3,071,429 spores) is significantly higher than those of A. mellifera in March (607,800 spores) and May (642,133 spores). The infection rate of colony of A. cerana in March (31.1%), April (12.0%) and May (31.1%) is also higher in compared to of those on A. mellifera in March (4.0%), April (5.6%) and May (5.0%).

411

BHP-059

Develpment of control method in American foulbrood disease (AFB), stonebrood, and chalkbrood by using actinobacterial Culture

Lee Ho Jae

Kyonggi University, Republic of Korea

The most famous microbial honeybee diseases are American foulbrood disease (AFB), chalkbrood and stonebrood caused by Paenibacillus larvae, Aspergillus flavus and Ascophaera apis, respectively. To control these disease, we developed a modified cultivation method to find new antibacterial strains in various soil samples, which may be effective growth inhibitor against bee pathogens. We isolated more than 2,000 actinobacterial strains and screened them to find antibacterial and antifungal activity against P. larvae, A. flavus and A. apis by inhibition zone measurement. As a result, we found the most effective 5 actinobacterial strains against P. larvae, 5 strains against A. flavus and 7 strains against A. apis. Therefore, this study may play a critical role to control AFB, chalkbrood and stonebrood of honeybee by using the culture of effective strains in the near future.

412

Polination and Bee Flora

PBP-001

Detection of Nosema ceranae spores in bee pollen of exotic honeybee of Thailand

Thitiporn Pheukpiboon

Department of Biology, Burapha University, Thailand

Nosema ceranae has caused sharp declining of colony population of honeybees in many countries. We detected spores in 27 samples of commercial products of bee pollens of Apis mellifera from three different regions of Thailand. We found that number of spores per milligram pollen from different regions were significantly different (F2= 6.34, p=0.0028). The highest contamination was found in bee pollen from Northern Thailand which was 15.42± 8.48×106 spores/g pollen while it was lowest in that of Southern area, 6.6×105 spores/g pollen. Identification of contaminated bee flora using morphological structure revealed Camellia sinensis and Hevea brasiliensis (A. Juss) Muell. Arg were main bee plants from all studied samples.

PBP-002

Using bee attractants to improve honeybee foraging on Dangshan pear (Pyrus communis L.)

Youquan Shao1, Weihua Ma1, Huiting zhao2, Jiao Meng2, Yusuo Jiang2

1 Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences

2 College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, China

The fruit set rate and yield of pear are commonly low due to insufficient pollination, as the species is unattractive to honeybees. To improve honeybee foraging behavior for the pollination of Dangshan pear (Pyrus bretschneideri cv. Dangshansuli), nine methods were used to attract bees. A control treatment of colonies was fed with normal sugar syrup, while six other treatments were fed using sugar syrup mixed with Pear syrup, Gallic acid, Arginine (Arg), Lysine (Lys), Methionine (Met), or 8- Br-cGMP; plates containing Juvenile Hormone analog ZR-512, Brood gland pheromone (BP), and Queen Mandibular Gland Pheromone (QMP) were placed inside the hives of another three treatments. Pollination efficacy was compared using the pollen load weight and quantity of foraging bees. The peak time of pear pollen gathering was 10:00–11:00 regardless of treatment. The pear pollen load weight per day was increased by all nine treatments. Pear pollen load weight per day was 49.11 g in the control. The QMP treatment yielded the heaviest pear pollen load weight per day (77.56 g), followed by the 8-Br-cGMP (64.45 g) and BP treatments (64.20 g). The percentages of pear pollen weight and quantity in the total pollen per day were both highest in the BP treatment (80.23%, 87.27%), followed by those in the QMP (79.32%, 86.74%) and Lys treatments (76.25%, 85.81%). In conclusion, BP was the most effective treatment for improving honeybee pollination behavior in the pear orchard, while other treatments, including Arg, Lys, 8-Br-cGMP, ZR-512, and QMP, could also be useful.

413

PBP-003

Nectar and pollen sources for honey bee colonies in Egypt

Hossam Abou Shaara

Damanhour University, Egypt

There are various plants with potential feeding importance to honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies as source of pollen, nectar or both. Selection of suitable regions for apiaries mainly depends on the avilability of honey bee plants in the apiary region. Identifying honey bee plants in specific region is very essential for honey and pollen production from honey bee colonies. Lacking the information about the beneficial plants for honey bees including; plant name, flowering time and potential benefit to honey bee colonies could be considered as a limitation for beekeeping development. So far honey bee plants are not well studied in Egypt. This paper presents potential nectar and pollen sources for honey bee colonies in Egypt using the available publications. This work can be considered as a guide for beekeepers and researchers. Moreover, the presented plants can be used in comparing honey bee plants of Egypt with other countries to get a better understanding of honey bee flora.

PBP-004

Foraging activity of indigenous and exotic honeybees, Apis mellifera L., on Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) Wight & Arn) under stress of hot-dry environment

Ayman Owayss, Hail Raweh, Abdulaziz Alqarni

King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Ziziphus species are very important multipurpose plants in Saudi Arabia as well as in the Arabian Peninsula. Ziziphus honey is one of the most valuable and preferable honeys in this region. In this work two honeybee races, i.e. indigenous Apis mellifera jemenitica and exotic A. m. carnica were subjected for studying their foraging activity in hot-dry environment during summer (June – July) and autumn (August – October) of 2014. Those seasons synchronize minor and major flowering periods of wild jujube, Ziziphus nummularia, respectively. Experiments were conducted at Rawdhat-Khoraim region, an oasis (21.0×1.5 km), 120 km north-east Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (between 25°30'- 25'' N and 47°46'- 30'' E at 558 m above sea level). Field observations indicated that workers of A. m. jemenitica and A. m. carnica started foraging in the early morning with a peak in the sunrise period (average 121 ± 9.00 workers /colony /3 minutes).The highest rate of bees collecting nectar was observed in the afternoon (averaged 37 ± 5.47 worker /100 flower /3 minutes), while that of collecting pollen was recorded in the sunrise (averaged 2.52 ± 0.61 worker /100 flower /3 minutes). Also, workers returning to their hives loaded with pollen peaked in the sunrise (average 44 ± 5.00 workers / colony / 3 minutes). Significant differences (p0.05) were found in the foraging activities between both bee races and also between daytimes (sunrise, forenoon, noon, afternoon and sunset) and during the flowering periods.

414

PBP-005

Tests of color preference of two Asian honey bee species

Tanyarat Khongkhuntian1, Mananya Phiancharoen1, Warakorn Rattanaareekul1, Guntima

Sawannapong2

1 King's Mongut Univesity of Technolgy Thonburi

2 Burapha University, Thailand

Despite their economic and ecological importance little is known about the color preference of honeybee species. We investiga ted color preferences of two honey bee species, native to Thailand (Apis cerana and A. florea) under natural conditions. We tested seven colonies of each species for preferences for four flower colors of Portulaca grandiflora (yellow, orange, magenta and white). Apis florea foragers exhibited a clear preference for yellow colored flowers (p < 0.0001, n=171), whereas A. cerana foragers showed no color preference for any test color. Moreover, few bees from two colonies visited the color test flowers. Discrimination of different test color showed slightly preference for yellow and orange flowers compared to those of magenta and white flowers (p= 0.74, n= 17). This indicates a potential for discrimination of color of this species which has not been proved yet. For further investigation, we will carry on the experiment in European honeybee, A. melifera for more understanding of flower color discrimination in honeybees.

PBP-006

Melissopalynological Studies from Oman

Aliya Sajwani1, Sardar Farooq2, Annette Patzelt 3, Elsadig Eltayeb4, Vaughn Bryant5

1 Ministry of Education (formal) / Sultan Qaboos University (informal)

2Sultan Qaboos University, Oman 3 Oman Botanic Garden, Oman

4 Sultan Qaboos Universtiy, Oman

5 Texas A&M University (TAMU 4352), USA

A melissopalynological study of Omani honeys was undertaken to determine floral sources, and identify pollen types, that would indicate the ecological origins. The study comprised the analysis of 48 honey samples collected from 14 locations in the Muscat and Al Batinah regions of Oman. The beehives and nests examined were either those of Apis florea or Apis mellifera bee colonies. A total of 122 pollen types, representing 50 plant families, were identified. Each taxon was categorized as representing a major or minor source of nectar and pollen. Thirtytwo honey samples are unifloral types, and the remaining 16 are multifloral. Honey is harvested twice a year in Oman, once in the summer and again in the winter. The pollen data indicate that Ziziphus spina-christi, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis cineraria and constitute the chief nectar and pollen sources for honeybees in this area during the winter. By contrast during the summer, Acacia tortilis, Citrus sp., Maerua crassifolia, Phoenix dactylifera, Prosopis cineraria and Prosopis juliflora are the more important nectar sources. This study has identified a wide range of foraging plant sources for honeybees and demonstrates adequate potential for expanding and sustaining beekeeping in Muscat, and in the Al Batinah region. A modern pollen reference collection of 105 local floral species enabled the identification of the pollen types. Seventy-four pollen types were found in the 48 honey samples. The identifications of pollen types are based on both light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies of the pollen in the honey and reference samples.

415

PBP-007

Mineral content in unifloral pollen samples collected from different plant species

Andreas Thrasyvoulou, Vasilis Liolios, Chrysoula Tananaki, Athanasios Papaioannou,

Marianna Rodopoulou

Aristotle Univesity Thessaloniki, Greece

Honey-bee collected pollen is considered as an important source of essential substances such as proteins, vitamins, amino acids, phenolics, lipids and minerals, required for bees’ nutrition and human consumption. However, the pollen species differ from each other and no one has the same standard chemical composition. In this study we determined the mineral composition (P, K, Ca, Na, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn) of honeybee-collected pollen from various botanical and geographical origins of Greece. Results from 31 pollen species showed a predominance of K (41.6 %) and P (30.7 %), followed by Ca (16.5 %), Mg (6.9 %) and Na (2.1%). The remaining micro-nutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) accounted for 2.2 % of the total mineral content. Among the tested elements, the most considerable variation was observed for P, Mg, K and Ca. The pollen of Crocus sativus presented an extremely high concentration of Ca (8724 mg/Kg) and Fe (3253 mg/Kg), Phacelia tanacetifolia the highest concentration of P (9210 mg/Kg), while the pollen of Erica manipuliflora contained the highest concentration of Mg (2278 mg/Kg) and K (11604 mg/Kg). The mineral composition of pollen is dependent also on the growing conditions (soil, environmental conditions) of the respective plant. In order to examine the affect of the geographical origin, the pollen of Sinapis sp. and Cistus sp. was collected from different areas, where a large variation of K and Ca was found in both species. These differences could be attributed to the characteristic geomorphology of Greece.

PBP-008

The effect of pollination on fruit quality in apple

Turan Karadeniz, Nazl Pnar Canverdi

Ordu University, Turkey

The study conducted in Ordu ecological conditions . The nut weevil (Curculio nucum L) with the fighting in the region of the inner nut and honey bees period coincided apples blooming period in order to avoid damaging chemicals outside the region. Observations and assessments made previously disqualified dusting apple fruits as related disorder was a significant level of shape. For this purpose, during the 2013 harvest year, and an estimated age of 25 years yield economic Sinap cv apples picked from a tree and a tree full of fruit harvested on the agents . Total Amount of harvested fruit were determined as 82.5 kg, % 6 of this amount ( 5kg ) extra, 24 % ( 20 kg ) class 1 and 70 % ( 57.5 kg ) 2nd class (shape, small size, rotten) as detection agents. The average fruit weight maintenance Weight 101.36 g of apples with extra class, 1st class and 2nd grade apples apples 91.86 g is found to be 46.38 g. In general, there was the formation of core enough apples or 2nd year core rudimentary level, this class is garbled shape apples, fruits enough not growth, there is no market value is determined. Key Words: apple, Snap apple, polinasyon, fruit quality, poor pollination

416

PBP-009

Determination of adaptation capacity of commercial Bombus terrestris l. colonies to native ecosystems

Ayhan Gosterit1, Husniye Cicek1, Cengiz Erkan2

1 Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 32260, Isparta, Tur key

2 Yuzuncu Yl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, 65080, Van, Turkey

Colony development of laboratory reared Bombus terrestris colonies which transferred to field in the early stage of the life cycle were observed. Founder queens of these colonies were obtained from commercial colonies. When the colonies reached to about ten workers population, they were placed to field where include some important bee plant such as Onobrychis sativa, Snapis spp., Lamium spp. and Prunus spp. Colonies were not supplied with sugar syrup or pollen and were checked weekly. First male and young queen observing time, competition point and total number of produced individuals were noted during the observation. The times of first male and young queen emerging after the queens put into starting boxes were determined 85.00 ± 3.21 and 62.33 ±2.67 days, respectively. Switch point was determined 16.00 ± 3.70 days, while competition point was 40.50 ± 1.32 days in social phase. Colonies produced 55.70 ±9.78 workers, 39.50 ± 14.20 males and 9.67 ± 5.93 young queens at the end of their life. It is also observed that colonies stored pollen near the brood area. Results showed that commercial B. terrestris colonies can survive and produce sexes in the native ecological conditions.

PBP-010

Bee flora for migratory beekeeping and honey production in Bangladesh form Apis mellifera L.

A F M Fakhrul Islam Munshi2, Mohammed Sakhawat Hossain1

1 Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University

2 Bangladesh Bee Keepers Association (BBKA), Bangladesh

A survey was conducted in three different locations viz. Gazipur, Tangail and Satkhira during the year 2010-2012 to find out major bee flora for migratory beekeeping and honey production from these resources. Twenty three number of plants/trees/crops were recorded as major resources for honey production by Apis mellifera L. Among them 12 number produced food directly for the consumption of people. Eleven numbers were forest tree and one was green manuring crop. All of them produce nectar from their flowers except the rubber tree. This plant is first reported as an extra floral honey source for A. mellifera L. in Bangladesh. The highest (19.74kg/hive) quantity of honey comes from the litchi season utilizing A. mellifera (10 frames/hive). Results also indicated that 13.16kg of honey was produced by a single hive from mustard flower. On the other hand, 10.96kg/hive of honey was harvested from Sundarban flora. In total the highest quantity of honey production (847.06t) was obtained from litchi which was followed by mustard (564.71t) and Sundarban flora (470.30t).

417

PBP-011

Foraging activity of commercial Bombus terrestris L. and Apis mellifera L. colonies on some cultivars of Carthamus tinctorius L. in caged conditions

Kadriye Sorkun, Ç idem Ö zenirler, A. Murat Aytekin

Hacettepe University, Turkey

Foraging activities of commercial Bombus terrestris L. and Apis mellifera L. colonies were investigated on four different cultivars of Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower) which are known as “Balc”, “Remzibey”, “Dinçer ” and “Linans”. The treatment field was located in Ankara, Turkey (39° 52'05.93'' N; 032°43'47.94'' E, 1042 mt). Three 100 m² fields were prepared for sowing and in each of them were sown on 22.03.2014. Before the blooming period of the plant starts, the fields were caged with teflon net and ~270 m³ cages were prepared. In the first and second cages, there was only one commercial Bombus terrestris L. and Apis mellifera L. colony respectively. In the third cage there were both Bombus terrestris L. and Apis mellifera L. colonies. The blooming period had started on 08.07.2014 and finished on 20.07.2014. Starting from 07:00, 09:00, 11:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, foraging activity of the bees was investigated six times a day between 09.07.2014 and 19.07.2014.

PBP-012

Melissopalynological, physical and chemical analysis of Aardahan honey

Kadrye Sorkun

Hacettepe University, Turkey

According to the statistics done between the years 2010-2011, based on the list of 304 beekeepers, registered in the Ardahan Beekeepers' Association in Ardahan province and its districts, 76 pieces honey samples collected that form the study material. In this study, melitopalynological analyses and physicochemical analyses were used to determine the quality of honey samples collected from Ardahan province and whether they are adulterated or not. In the melitopalynological analyses, the source of pollens and the total number of pollens, the source of the starch in honey and the rate of percentage and the microscopic particles that should not be in honey were examined. In the physicochemical parameters, the percentages of ash content, its electrical conductivity and humidity were determined. In addition, by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fructose/glucose ratio and invert sugar (fructose + glucose) were analyzed in honey samples. Based on the results of melitopalynological analyses, it was determined that the Total Pollen Number (TPS-10) in ten grams of honey. Total Polen Number varies from 3763 to 594220, and the average number was 21428. As a result of the analysis of pollen in honey samples in all districts Fabaceae and Boraginaceae families were found to be dominant. While all of the honey samples include starch from pollen sources, 25 % of the starch is the alloyed starch from outside.

418

PBP-013

Melissopalynological and chemical analysis of Azerbaijan Ganja-Gazakh region honeys

Kadrye Sorkun, Duygu Nur Ç obanolu

Hacettepe University, Turkey

The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of Azerbaijan honeys using melissopalynological, physicochemical analyses for the first time. For this purpose, 23 honey samples were collected during the harvesting period in 2014 from 8 different rayons in Azerbaijan Ganja-Gazakh Region. Melissopalynological analysis included the total number of pollens in 10 gr honey (TPS-10) and the source of the starch in honey. Physicochemical analysis included the identification of chemical compounds performed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), the quantification of fructose, glucose and sucrose and hdroxymethyl furfural by high performance/liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the determination of conventional quality parameters such as electrical conductivity, ash, humidity. 10 honey samples fall within the "normal" category (20 000-100 000 pollen grains). 12 honey samples had a pollen content less than 20 000 grains and 1 honeys’ pollen content exceeded 100 000 grains. Starch granules of 17 honey samples were the alloyed starch granules from the outside and were not seen in 6 honey samples. Moisture, ash content, electrical conductivity and HMF content of the samples had average values of 16.00±1.01%, 0.13±0.1g/100gr 0.37±0.17µs/cm and 0.38±0,24mg/kg respectively. Fructose content gave an average of 40.12±2.96 g/100 g, while glucose content had a mean value of 33.26 ± 4.42g/100 g. The sucrose content of the honey samples had a mean value of 1.3 ± 0.98g/100 g. A total of 268 different chemical substances were determined by GC-MS analysis.

PBP-014

Melissopalynological, physical and chemical analysis of Ardahan honey

Kadrye Sorkun, Fatma Güzel

Hacettepe University, Turkey

According to the statistics done between the years 2010-2011, based on the list of 304 beekeepers, registered in the Ardahan Beekeepers' Association in Ardahan province and its districts, 76 pieces honey samples collected that form the study material. In this study, melitopalynological analyses and physicochemical analyses were used to determine the quality of honey samples collected from Ardahan province and whether they are adulterated or not. In the melitopalynological analyses, the source of pollens and the total number of pollens, the source of the starch in honey and the rate of percentage and the microscopic particles that should not be in honey were examined. In the physicochemical parameters, the percentages of ash content, its electrical conductivity and humidity were determined. In addition, by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fructose/glucose ratio and invert sugar (fructose + glucose) were analyzed in honey samples. Based on the results of melitopalynological analyses, it was determined that the Total Pollen Number (TPS-10) in ten grams of honey. Total Polen Number varies from 3763 to 594220, and the average number was 21428. As a result of the analysis of pollen in honey samples in all districts Fabaceae and Boraginaceae families were found to be dominant. While all of the honey samples include starch from pollen sources, 25 % of the starch is the alloyed starch from outside.

419