Engineering and automation

A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer belt, moves the product to stations where each worker performs a limited number of operations until the product is assembled. In the automobile assembly plant such systems have reached a highly-developed form. A complex system of conveyer belts and chain drives moves car parts to workers who perform the thousands of necessary assembling tasks.

Mass production increases efficiency and productivity to a point beyond which the monotony of repeating an operation over and over slows down the workers. Many ways have been tried to increase productivity on assembly lines: some of them are as superficial as piping music into the plant or painting the industrial apparatus in bright colours; others entail giving workers more variety in their tasks and more respon­sibility for the product.

These human factors are important considerations for industrial engineers who must try to balance an efficient system of manufacturing with the complex needs of workers.

Another factor for the industrial engineer to consider is whether each manufacturing process can be automated in whole or in part. Automation is a word coined in the 1940s to describe processes by which machines do tasks previously performed by people. The word was new but the idea was not. We know of the advance in the development of steam engines that produced automatic valves. Long before that, during the Middle Ages, windmills had been made to turn by taking advantage of changes in the wind by means of devices that worked automatically.

Automation was first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing such as refining petroleum, making petrochemicals, and refining steel. A later development was computer-controlled automation of assembly line manufacturing, especially those in which quality control was an important factor.

Exercise 5. Мәтінге сұрақ қойыңыз.

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$$$003-007-000$3.3.7 Модуль 3 Computer science

Computer science

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$$$003-007-001$3.3.7.1 Практикалық сабаққа арналған оқу-әдістемелік нұсқаулар №7

Сабақтың мақсаты: 1. Мамандыққа байланысты сөздік қорын молайту үшін жаңа лексиканы енгізу және бекіту.

2. Шет тілінде сөйлеу және арнайы мәтіндерді оқу, түсіну, аудару дағдыларын қалыптастыру.

Әдістемелік нұсқау:

Мәтінді аудару үшін мәтінді оқып алып, таныс емес сөздерді теріп жазып, сөздікпен аударыңыз. Жаңа сөздерді бекіту мақсатында берілген жаттығуларды орындаңыз.

Exercise 1. Мәтінді оқып, аударыңыз.

Computer science

Computer science is a part of an applied mathematics. Specialists in computer science say that this field of knowledge is very interesting because it deals with computer-aided-manufacturing (CAM) and computer-aided-design (CAD).

Computers are intended to improve the productivity of labor of scientists, designers, managers and other specialists because computer offer quick and optimal solutions. One of the main goals of using CAD/CAM is to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing.

Moreover, computers came in our life and to our houses and now we can solve our everyday problems with their help.

Computers can be divided into simple and complex devices. Simple computers such as calculators can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. As far as complex computers are concerned they can do different logical operations and some of them even have artificial intelligence.

Thus in order to elaborate up-to-date and inexpensive programs as well as to defend them from viruses, it is important to know some programming languages.

There are low-level programming languages such as a machine language and high-level programming languages, for instance, FORTRAN, PASCAL, ADA, C, BASIC, etc.

Exercise 2. Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз.

1. What is a part of an applied mathematics?

2. What does the computer science deal with?

3. What are the computers intended to do?

4. What is one of the main goals of using CAM and CAD?

5. Can we solve our everyday problems with computers help?

6. What kind of operations can simple devices perform?

7. What kind of operations can complex devices perform?

8. Why is it important to know some programming languages?

9. What kind of low-level programming languages do you know?

10. What kind of high-level programming languages do you know?

Exercise 3. Мәтіннен келесі сөздер мен сөз тіркестерінің аудармасын табыңыз.

Вычислительная наука, прикладная математика, область (сфера) знания, предназначен, предлагать быстрое решение, использование, сложение, вычитание, умножение, деление, решать ежедневные проблемы, современные программы, языки программирования высокого уровня, языки программирования низкого уровня.

Exercise 4. Сөйлемдерді аяқтаңыз.

1. ... is a part of an applied mathematics. 2. Computers came ... and to our houses. 3. Computers offer quick and ... .4. Computers can be ... devices. 5. Calculators can perform addition, ... .6. Some of computers even have ... .7. To defend programs from viruses, it is important to know ....

Exercise 5. Терминдердің баламасын табыңыз.

1. up-to-date A. проектирование

2. an applied mathematics B. производство

3. to deal C. сложные устройства

4. the productivity of labor D. языки программирования

5. complex devices E. сложение

6. solutions F. прикладная математика

7. programming languages G. могут быть разделены

8. designing H. умножение

9. to solve I. решения

10. addition J. современный

11. can be divided into K. выполнять

12. manufacturing L. иметь дело

13. to perform M. решать

14. multiplication N. производительность труда

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$$$003-008-000$3.3.8 Programming languages

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$$$003-008-001$3.3.8.1 Практикалық сабаққа арналған оқу-әдістемелік нұсқаулар №8

Сабақтың мақсаты: 1. Мамандыққа байланысты сөздік қорын молайту үшін жаңа лексиканы енгізу және бекіту.

2. Шет тілінде сөйлеу және арнайы мәтіндерді оқу, түсіну, аудару дағдыларын қалыптастыру.

Әдістемелік нұсқау:

Мәтінді аудару үшін мәтінді оқып алып, таныс емес сөздерді теріп жазып, сөздікпен аударыңыз. Жаңа сөздерді бекіту мақсатында берілген жаттығуларды орындаңыз.

Exercise 1. Мәтінді оқып, аударыңыз.