Engineering

Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calcu­lations taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple machine like a motor-car engine.

So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactorily. But we may try to divide them into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:

1. Mechanical engineering.

Steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water), pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.

2. Electrical engineering.

a) Power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so on).

b) Electronics: radio, radar, television.

3. Civil engineering.

Dams; tunnels; roads, and so on.

4. Structural engineering.

The structural details of all large buildings and bridges.

5. Chemical engineering.

Any of these branches of engineering may require the special services of the following specialists: the metallurgist; the strength of materials expert; the thermodynamics of heat expert, the mechanics or machines experts; the various production engineering experts such as the engineering designer or the tool designer; the mathematician specializing in engineering problems and many more.

The engineer must also deal with the economists to assure himself that he is producing what is wanted, and economically.

So What is Engineering?

In recent years, engineering has changed out of all recognition. The sheer speed of change in many manufacturing technologies is startling. Thanks to the introduction of computers and new technologies like Virtual Reality, people are more in control than ever. This also means the engineering employers are looking for people with a wider range of skills and personalities: from lone-theorists to more gregarious and practical individuals; from managers who can handle people, lead teams and solve problems, to creative designers with a keen sense of market realities. Engineering needs them all — women as well as men.

Exercise 5. Мәтінге сұрақ қойыңыз.

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$$$003-004-000$3.3.4 . Модуль 2 The Microprocessor

The Microprocessor I

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$$$003-004-001$3.3.4.1 Практикалық сабаққа арналған оқу-әдістемелік нұсқаулар №4

Сабақтың мақсаты: 1. Мамандыққа байланысты сөздік қорын молайту үшін жаңа лексиканы енгізу және бекіту.

2. Шет тілінде сөйлеу және арнайы мәтіндерді оқу, түсіну, аудару дағдыларын қалыптастыру.

Әдістемелік нұсқау:

Мәтінді аудару үшін мәтінді оқып алып, таныс емес сөздерді теріп жазып, сөздікпен аударыңыз. Жаңа сөздерді бекіту мақсатында берілген жаттығуларды орындаңыз.

The Microprocessor I

In order to use computers effectively to solve problems in our environment, computer system are devised. Computer system may be divided in two parts. The first part is hardware – the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices. The second part is software – the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data.

In all PCs, the microprocessor is the chip that runs programs. The microprocessor, or central processing unit (CPU), carries out a variety of computations, numeric comparisons, and data transfers in response to programs stored in memory.

The CPU controls the computer's basic operation by sending and receiving control signals, memory addresses, and data from one part of the computer to another along a group of interconnecting electronic pathways called a bus. Located along the bus are input and output (I/O) ports that connect the various memory and support chips to the bus. Data passes through these I/O ports while it travels to and from the CPU and the other parts of the computer.

CPU is the portion of a computer composed of ALU and control unit. It is where instructions are fetched, decoded and executed, and the overall activity of the computer is controlled.

Bus is a circuit for the transfer of data or electrical signals between two devices.

Port is a connection between the CPU and another device, such as main memory. By means of it data can enter or leave the computer or be transferred between the CPU and memory.

Exercise 2. Сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз:

1. What does the microprocessor carry out?

2. What does the CPU control?

3. What do the input and output ports connect?

4. What is the CPU?

Exercise 3. Дұрыс нұсқаны таңдаңыз.

1. The central processing unit ... a) the various memory and support chips to the bus.

2. The input ports connect ... b) sending and receiving control signals.

3. The CPU controls the computer's

basic operation by ... c) a variety of computations.

Exercise 3. Мәтіндегі асты сызылған сөздердің қай сөз табына жататынын анықтаңыз.

Exercise 4. Дұрыс нұсқаны таңдаңыз. Аударыңыз.

1. The microprocessor is the chip that ... programs. 2. The microprocessor carries out a variety of computations, ... comparisons, and data transfers.3. The CPU controls the computer's ... operation by sending and ... control signals. 4. Input and output ports connect the various ... and support chips. 5. Data passes through these ... and output ports. 6. CPU is the portion of a computer composed of ALU and ... unit. 7. Instructions are fetched, ... and executed. 8. Bus is a circuit for the transfer of ... . 9. Port is a ... between the CPU and another device. 10. Data can enter or ... the computer. 11. Data can be transferred ... the CPU and memory.

a) control, data

b) leave,

c) connection

d) between

e) memory

f) runs

g) numeric

h) decoded

i) receiving

j) input

k) basic

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$$$003-005-000$3.3.5 The Microprocessor II

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$$$003-005-001$3.3.5.1 Практикалық сабаққа арналған оқу-әдістемелік нұсқаулар №5

Сабақтың мақсаты: 1. Мамандыққа байланысты сөздік қорын молайту үшін жаңа лексиканы енгізу және бекіту.

2. Шет тілінде сөйлеу және арнайы мәтіндерді оқу, түсіну, аудару дағдыларын қалыптастыру.

Әдістемелік нұсқау:

Мәтінді аудару үшін мәтінді оқып алып, таныс емес сөздерді теріп жазып, сөздікпен аударыңыз. Жаңа сөздерді бекіту мақсатында берілген жаттығуларды орындаңыз.

Exercise 1. Мәтінді оқып, аударыңыз.