1.Візьміть словник і знайдіть в ньому список скорочень, назвіть їх:
2.Розшифруйте скорочення:
adv.,a.,v.,prp., pron.
3.Дайте початкові форми слів, визначте до яких частин мови вони відносяться:
biggest, best, given, flies, drying, dying, stopped, worst, men, better, feet.
Питання
для самоконтролю:
1.Коли використовують скорочення ?
2.Де знайти скорочення?
Lesson 6
Text: From Historical Development of Geodesy
1.Read and memorize new words and expressions on the text:
the question of the figure of the Earth
to raise in the antiquity
the model of the earth
rotational ellipsoid
the notion
founder of scientific geodesy
to develop the principles of measurements
to apply in modern ages
summer solstice
2.Read and translate the text: From Historical Development of Geodesy.(I)
The formulation of the problem of geodesy first developed in the course of the 19th century. However, the question of the figure of the Earth had already been raised in antiquity. First the model of the Earth looked like the sphere, then - like rotational ellipsoid in the first part of the 18th century.
Various opinions on the form of the Earth prevailed in the past: e. g. the notion of an Earth disk encircled by Oceanus (Homer's Illiad). The founder of scientific geodesy is Eratosthenes of Alexandria, who measured the radius for the Earth and developed the principles of the arc measurements, which are still applied in modern ages..
During the middle ages in Europe, the question of the figure of the Earth was not pursued further. At the beginning of the modern ages, the French physicist Fernel in 1525 observed on the meridian through Paris, the geographical latitudes of Paris and Amiens using a quadrant; he computed the distance from the number of rotations of a wagon wheel. The remaining arc measurements were characterized by fundamental advances in instrumentation technology (1611, Kepler telescope), methodology (Gemma Frisius, Tycho Brahe, Willebrord Snellius and so on).
3.Answer the questuons:
Who was the founder of geodesy?
When were the problems of geodesy raised first?
What were the opinions about the form of the Earth?
Do you know the scientists who made contribution in geodesy?
What happened in 1666?
Why were 16 and17 centuries important for geodesy?
4. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions:
the question of the figure of the Earth
to raise in the antiquity
the model of the earth
rotational ellipsoid
the notion
founder of scientific geodesy
to develop the principles of measurements
to apply in modern ages
summer solstice
to form an angle
to compute the distance
to assume the leading role of geodesy
geocentric universe
to discover the laws of planetary motion
principles of physics
5.Complete the sentences:
The formulation of the problem of geodesy ...
First the model of the Earth …
During the middle ages in Europe, ..
Through the initiative of the Academy of Sciences, ..
In the 161 and 17l centuries, ..
Building on these and on their own works, ..
Lesson 7
Supplementary tasks:
Text; From Historical Development of Geodesy.(II)
1.Read and memorize new words and expressions on the text:
the question of the figure of the Earth
to raise in the antiquity
the model of the earth
rotational ellipsoid
the notion
founder of scientific geodesy
to develop the principles of measurements
to apply in modern ages
summer solstice
2.Read
and translate the text
Through the initiative of the Academy of Sciences, founded in Paris in 1666, France in the 18l centuries assumed the leading role in geodesy. The French abbey J. Picard in 1669-70 carried out an arc measurement on the meridian through Paris; he was the first to use a telescope with cross hairs. The value obtained by him for the radius of the earth aided Newton in the verification of the law of gravitation which he had formulated in 1665-66.
In the 161 and 17l centuries, new observations and ideas from astronomy and physics influenced the perception of the figure of the Earth and its position in space.
N. Copernicus (1473 - 1543) achieved the transition from the geocentric universe of Ptolemy to a heliocentric system. J.Kepler (1571 - 1630) discovered the laws of planetary motion and Galileo Galilee (1564 - 1642) developed modern mechanics (law of falling bodies, law of pendulum motion).
Building on these and on their own works, Isaac Newton (1643 -1727) and Christian Huygens (1629 - 1695) developed the Earth models flattened at the poles and founded on principles of physics.