3.Answer the questions

What materials are used for the foundation of railway track?

What kind of work must be done before building a track?

Where are ties and rails put?

4.Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions:

to build on a strip of land

right-of-way,

carefully prepared for tracks,

must be cleared than graded,

to lay upon the ballast foundation,

to hold the ties,

methods of railroad building,

railway construction,

to lay in pre-assembled length,

to lay the length of tracks in a few minute,

efficient machines,

track-laying crane.

5.Complete the sentences:

The ties or sleepers are laid on …

The railway is built on a strip …

At first it must be cleared from …

Ties and rails are laid upon the ballast foundation and …

Lesson 15

Supplementary tasks:

(oral practice)

Перечитайте текст Text: : The Upper Railroad Track Construction знову, виконайте одне з наступних завдань за вибором.(скласти діалог, скласти проект з теми або переказати текст коротко)

1.Make up dialogues using the text.

2.Retell the text in brief оr make your own project on the text.

Lesson 16

Text: Rails(I)

1.Read and memorize new words and expressions on the text:

lengths

long - welded rails

to differ in weight ,to carry the largest volume of traffic,

to treat ties with creosote,

to lay upon the earth, track structure,

to rest upon a bed of crushed rock or gravel,

to support the track structure,

to provide needed drainage,

to improve the track structure,

in order to reduce,

long-welded rails,

to provide

to increase speeds,

to provide the greater stability of track,

to contribute to greater speeds.

permanent way

wooden rails

iron rails

steel rails

heavy steam train

ballast

gauge

switch

sleeper

rail joint

2.Read and translate the text

The rails differ greatly in weight according to the kind of traffic, which they have to carry when placed in the track. The largest and heaviest rails are laid in the main line tracks for it is these tracks, which carry the largest volume of traffic.

The ties on most tracks were almost all of wood and in order to make them last longer they were treated with creosote.

The ties are not laid upon the earth for the earth cannot support the track structure. They rest upon a bed of crushed rock or gravel, which is called ballast. Ballast is a very important element of the track for it is the ballast, which supports the track structure hold, the track in position and provides needed drainage.

3.Answer the questions

What is a permanent way?

What were the first rails made of?

What discovery was of great importance?

How is called the place where the ends of rails meet?

What is the weakest part of the track?

4.Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and expressions:

lengths

long - welded rails

to differ in weight ,to carry the largest volume of traffic,

to treat ties with creosote,

to lay upon the earth, track structure,

to rest upon a bed of crushed rock or gravel,

to support the track structure,

to provide needed drainage,

to improve the track structure,

in order to reduce,

long-welded rails,

to provide

to increase speeds,

to provide the greater stability of track,

to contribute to greater speeds.

permanent way

wooden rails

iron rails

steel rails

heavy steam train

ballast

gauge

switch

sleeper

rail joint