Ways of translating loan internationalisms.

(Калькування)

Many social and political terms used in the several languages belonging to different genealogical families are translated in all languages or in some languages only.

e.g. loud speaker – гучномовець;

steam engine – парова машина;

short radiowaves – короткі хвилі;

standard of living – життєвий рівень;

the simple sentence – просте речення;

But: case of nouns – відмінок;

structure of matter – будова матерії.

Loan Internationalisms preserve in each language the unity of their componental parts i.e., their structural peculiarity, an absolutely identical national meaning and the common sphere of functioning:

Loud-speaker: German – Lautsprecher,

Ital. – altoparlante,

Ukr. – гучномовець,

Russ. – громкоговоритель…

1) by direct translation of the componental parts without changing their structural form:

coefficient of efficiency – коефіцієнт корисної дії,

personal/possessive pronouns – особові/присвійні займенники…

2) with the help of componental translation and some replacements, omissions or substitutions

arising from the national peculiarities of the TL, i.e. depending of its stylistic mode of usage. Thus, the equivalent of the English set-expression “foreign trade” is not “іноземна торгівля” but “зовнішня торгівля”, “national anthem” is not “національний гімн” but “державний гімн”.

3) with the help of descriptive translation:

digital computer – цифрова обчислювана машина,

pluralia tantum – іменники, що вживаються тільки в множині,

singuralia tantum – іменники, що вживаються тільки в однині.

Заняття № 6 III year, V term

Ways of translating specific notions of national lexicon. (SNoNL)

In the course of their development all languages of the world acquire some notions, objects, customs, traditions, monetary systems etc. characteristic of the given nation only.

e.g. English – lady, lord, shilling, box, football, boston, mackintosh, etc.

Ukrainian – Cossack, step, hryvnia.

These and the like words may become internationalisms: lady, mackintosh, shilling and in the lexicon of different languages such notions are easy to translate when they are internationalisms (transcribed or transliterated).

Many other specific notions of national lexicon must be explained in the text or orally.

e.g. Eton – a privileged school in Great Britain;

Harrow – the same;

The East, West End – частина (район) Лондона;

Bloomsbury – the central part of London.

Some notions are absolutely new:

e.g. bingo (азартна гра), gin, coca-cola…

different national occasions (baptizing, marriage, funeral);

moonlighter – підробітник.

Some metaphorical expressions are also used as specific national notions elements:

Athens of the North – Північні Афіни (Едінбург);

kobzar – minstrel;

scouts;

pupils record card – табель успішності;

students record card – залікова книжка (credit book);

a term examination – залік (credit);

a term paper – курсова робота;

graduation paper – дипломна робота;

class instructor/tutor – класний керівник;

tutorial – консультація.

Great Britain has no Ministry of Education but only Department of Education (міністерство освіти)

junior minister – зам. міністра.

The USA has no government but administration, and no ministers but secretaries.

e.g. The secretary of State – міністр закордонних справ

Secretary of the Interior – міністр внутрішніх справ. He is responsible for a forestation, building roads, canals.

The FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation – відповідає нашому міністерству внутрішніх справ.

The all countries of the world have Deputy Minister I, II – But in the US there are undersecretaries.

e.g. The home Secretary, the Foreign Secretary.

Different orders belong to specific notions of national lexicon as well

e.g. The Order of the Bath – орден Бані;

the Order of the Garter – орден підв’язки;

St. Andrew, George order;

The Bohdаn Khmelnytskyi Order;

the Yaroslav the Wise Order;

the Order for Valour – орден за відвагу;

the order for Distinguished Services – "за заслуги".

Very often specific notions are connected with the names of animals: pincher, bulldog, shepherd hound.