Kinds of translating/interpreting

1. The written from a written matter translating. It represents a literary/literary artistic or any other faithful sense-to-sense translating from or into a foreign language.

2. The oral form an oral matter interpreting is a regular sense-to-sense conveying of a speech or recording which can proceed either in succession or simultaneously with its sounding.

3. The oral from a written matter interpreting is nothing else than interpreting at sight. It is regular prepared beforehand kind of interpreting.

4. The written translating from an orally presented matter is a rare occurrence. Translating from an oral speech/recording is now and then resorted to for training practices when the matter to be conveyed is produced slow speed.

Заняття № 2 III year, V term

Ways of Translating Proper Names of People

Up to now there are no established rules as to how different types of proper names should be translated in different languages. Even Ukrainian and Russian proper names are sometimes differently translated in these languages. Thus all Russian proper names of people are almost translated in Ukrainian.

e.g. Александр Пушкин – Олександр Пушкін, but

Аксинья – Аксінья

But Микола Бажан – in Russia – Мыкола Бажан

Павло Тичина – in Russia – Павло Тычина.

All Ukrainian proper and family names are mostly translated in English.

Until recently all Ukrainian names of people and geographical names were conveyed in European languages in Russian transcription.

Such a translation was politically coloured and made an impression in the west of non-existence of the Ukrainian nation.

The conveying of different Ukrainian sounds in English is sometimes not easy.

e.g. Царенко – Tsarenko

Жмаченко – Zhmachenko

Горовий – Horovyi, x – kh

Ющенко – Yushchenko,

Неїжмак – Neyizhmak

Such sounds as ий, ій, ї, і or уі have some difficulties in conveying them.

e.g. Гуртій – Hurthiy, Hurthii

Низовий – Nyzovyi

According to the decree of the Vekhovna Rada these rules of spelling Ukrainian proper, family and geographical names are obligatory for all foreign countries and for all documents. As we can see, things are quite different.

The same is observed with the English proper names though most of them are transcribed in Ukrainian and only some are transliterated.

e.g. Shakespeare – Шекспір; Byron – Байрон;

Thackeray – Текерей; Derby – Дербі;

Ulster – Ольстер.

Some English proper and geographical names are transliterated.

Hanna – Ганна; Robert Frost – Роберт Фрост;

Archibald Cronin – Арчибальд Кронін;

but Згурський – Zghurskyi

Some geographical names have historically established transcription or translation.

e.g. Москва – Moscow, but Moskva River

( москвич – muscovites

кияни – kyivans, kyivities)

Київ – Kyiv, Kyyv, Kyїv, Kiev

Варшава – Warsaw, Мюнхен – Munic (h)

Кельн – Cologne, Ліворно – Leghorn

Antworp – Антверпен

Now some substitutions of the Ukrainians sounds:

/и/ as y: Кирило –Kyrylo, Марина – Maryna;

Микита – Mykyta; Бровари – Brovary;

Винник – Vynnyk, Суми – Sumy

/ї/ as ї, і or уі. But when preceded by a vowel the sound (ji) is to be conveyed by the letter i or ї (as a "naїve"): Зінаїда – Zinaїda; Українка – Ukraїnka, but ї can be yi at the beginning of the name: Ївга – Yivha; Їжакевич – Yizhakevych…

/й/ is conveyed as y Йона –Yona; Йосип – Yosyp… When preceded by the /i/ it is conveyed in English as iї: Андрій – Andriї; Гафійка – Hafiїka; Матвійчук – Matviїchuk; Павлійчук – Pavliїchuk.

When the /й/ sound is preceded by /u/ it is to be conveyed as yї or уі:

Горовий – Horovyї, Сірий – Siryї, Коломийченко – Kolomyichenko.

/я, ю, є/ уа, уu, уе respectively: Яким – Yakym; Ярема – Yarema; Ярослава – Yaroslava; Дерев’яненко – Derevyanenko.

/я/ in the final position is conveyed by the ia rarely ya: Марія – Maria; Софія – Sofia; Юлія – Yuliya; Малазія – Malasia; Кенія – Kenya.

Palatalized consonants have a hard pronunciation in English after the /i/, /i:/ and /ai/ sounds: Альвіна – Alvina, Василь – Vasyl, Редько – Redko.

/г/ = h – Гаврило – Havrylo, Григір – Hryhir, Гайдай – Haidaї

/ж/ = zh – Жук – Zhuk, Жанна – Zhanna, Журба – Zhurba

/х/ = kh – Лахно – Lakhno, Харків – Kharkiv

/ч/ can be ch or tch: Клочко – Klochko/Klotchko, Кочур – Kochur/Kotchur, Чорний – Chornyї/Tchornyї

Recently, however, in accordance with the internationally agreed upon rules (UNESCO) the /ч/ is often conveyed by the č sign (in proper nouns):

Черниш – Černysh

Топчій – Topčiї

Богач – Bohač

/шч/ = /щ/ – shch or šč:

Щаденко – Shchadenko or Ščadenko;

Щедрій – Shchedriї or Ščedriї;

Хрущ – Krushch or Khrušč.

/б/ та /п/ = b and p: Борис – Borys;

Бойчук – Boychuk (Boichuk);

Петро – Petro;

Панібудьласка – Panibudlaska…

The consonant phonemes /д, т, н, л, с,ц,/ and their palatalized variants /д', т', н', л', с', ц'/ are substituted for the English sounds: /d, t, n, l, s, ts/:

Дорош – Dorosh;

Ткаченко – Tkachenko;

Гороть – Horot;

Ковальчук – Kovalchuk.

/в/ = /v/ but sometimes w: Володимир – Volodymyr;

Вовчок – Vovchok;

but Віль – Will.

/р/ = /r/ Роман – Roman;

and vice versa: Роберт – Robert.

Now some substitutions of the English sounds:

/æ/ for /a/ and /e/ – Angela – Анджела/Енджела

Andy – Енді/Анді

Patric – Патрік/Петрік

/Λ/ for /a/, /y/or even /o/ Ulrica – Альріка, Ульріка

Justin – Джостін; Ulster – Ольстер

/ / for /a, e, o, u/ Alaska – Аляска;

Virginia – Вірджінія;

Theodore – Теодор.

/ / for /o/ Dolly – Доллі

Oscar –Оскар

/a:/ for /a/ Art – Арт

Mark – Марк

Clerke – Кларк

/ / for /o/ Aubrey –Обрі

Austin – Остін

Paola – Пола

/u/ and sometimes /ju:/ for /y/ Cooper – Купер

Judy – Джуді

/ i:/ for /i / Aberdeen – Абердін, Celia – Сілія, Eton – Ітон.

/ / for / е / Earl – Ерл; Herbert – Герберт;

Diphthongs:

/ / for / ай / Brighton – Брайтон;

Idaho – Айдахо;

/ / for / ау / Down – Даун;

Howard – Гайерд.

/ / for / ей / Ada – Ейда;

Mabel – Мейбл;

/ / for / ой / – Croydon – Кройдон;

Joyce – Джойс.

/ / for / оу / – Mo – Моу

Rose – Роуз;

Snow – Сноу.

/ / for / е / Ayrshire – Ершір;

Dalaware – Делавар;

Gary – Гері;

but Ontario – Онтаріо.

/ / for / і; ей; ія / Cheshire – Чешір;

Nigeria – Нігерія;

Victoria – Вікторія;

/ / / for / у, ю / Huron – Гурон;

Moor – Мур

/ / for / / or / / Faith – Фейт/Фейс

Dartmouth – Дартмаут

but Athos – Афон

Korinth – Корінф

/ / for / / Arlington – Арлінгтон

Sterling – Стерлінг

/ / for / / Bronx – Бронкс

Sinclair – Сінклер

/ / for / / or / / Larry – Ла/еррі

Persival – Персіваль

/ / for / р / – Roxana – Роксана;

Rochester – Рочестер;

/ / for / в / or / у / – Washington – Вашінгтон;

Wales – Уельс;

Show – Шоу;

Mark Twain – Марк Твен.