- •The structure of the human body
- •1. Memorize the rules of reading:
- •2. Memorize the rules of reading:
- •7. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate them into Russian.
- •8. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice reading them.
- •9. Learn the words from the Vocabulary List 1.
- •Vocabulary List 1
- •10. Name the organs and parts of the body localized in:
- •16. What sentences in the text give us the following information?
- •17. Using the text describe the following anatomical structures:
- •18. What questions can be asked to get the following answers?
- •19. Match the words with the opposite meanings.
- •20. Translate the word combinations. Pay attention to prepositions.
- •21. What parts of the body are described?
- •22. Fill in the gaps with the right prepositions.
- •23. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice reading them.
- •24. Learn the words from the Vocabulary List 2:
- •Vocabulary List 2
- •25. Find in exercises 23 and 24 six pairs of synonyms.
- •26. Translate the derivatives:
- •27. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •28. Translate from English into Russian.
- •29. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the Vocabulary list 2.
- •30. A) Read and translate the text.
- •The Skeleton
- •31. Match the Latin and English medical terms:
- •32. Answer the questions.
- •33. Match the bones with the proper parts of the body.
- •34. Match the groups of ribs with their descriptions.
- •35. Complete the sentences:
- •36. Say whether it’s true or false. Give your reasons.
- •37. Form and translate Participle II of the following verbs:
- •38. Translate the sentences.
- •39. Translate from English into Russian:
- •40. Open the brackets using the necessary Passive Form of the given verb.
- •41. Insert the prepositions “by” or “with”.
- •42. Change the following sentences from the Active into the Passive.
- •43. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.
- •44. Make up sentences from the given words:
- •45. Finish the following sentences using the given words and verbs in the Passive Voice.
- •46. Translate from Russian into English.
- •47. Read the text; insert the proper forms of the verbs. Give a summary of the text. Cranial Bones
- •48. Match the cranial bone with its location.
- •52. А) Find in the dialogue English equivalents for these words and word combinations.
- •58. Answer the questions:
- •59. Translate the sentences.
- •60. Ask 10 questions based on the text “The jaws” and answer them (work in pairs).
- •65. Read the text for general understanding. Pay attention to the first sentence of each paragraph. Make the plan of the text. Bones. Formation and Structure
- •66. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations:
- •67. Read the text once again. Put the questions in the order they are answered in the text, then answer the questions.
- •68. Read the text. The Systems of the Body
- •69. Correct the sentences according to the text.
- •70. State the function of every system described in the text.
- •71. Put the questions in the order they are answered in the text, then answer the questions.
- •72. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of infinitives.
- •73. Join the sentences, using the infinitive in the function of the adverbial modifier of purpose. Then translate the sentences.
- •74. Translate the sentences with infinitives in the function of attribute.
- •75. Join the parts of the table to make up sentences about the role of famous scientists in the history of medicine.
- •76. Answer the questions.
- •77. Prepare a report (10 – 12 sentences) about life and work of one of the great anatomists.
- •78. Read and reproduce the jokes.
- •79. Practice reading the tongue-twisters.
- •80. Poems and rhymes to enjoy.
22. Fill in the gaps with the right prepositions.
1. The gallbladder is located … the diaphragm. 2. Air enters the body … the nose. 3. The stomach lies … the liver. 4. The esophagus leads … the stomach. 5. The lungs are located … the diaphragm. 6. Food passes … the mouth … the pharynx. 7. The liver lies … the right ribs.
1. The scientists met … the conference. 2. He hurt his leg as he jumped … the wall. 3. She walked … the forest to get to the village. 4. He stood … all his friends in the room and felt very happy. 5. We live … the city centre. 6. When he was a student he worked … a pizza restaurant at weekends. 7. Take the books … the table and put them … my bag.
23. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice reading them.
skeleton [’skelitən] scapula [´skæpjulə]
spinal column [‚spainəl’kɔləm] humerus [’hjumərəs]
vertebra [’və:tibrə] (pl. – ae [i:]) ulna [´Λlnə]
vertebral [’və:tibrəl] radius [´reidiəs]
cervical ['sə:vikəl] pelvis [´pelvis]
thoracic [θɔ:’ræsik] ischium [´iskiəm]
lumbar [’lÙmbə] ilium [´iliəm]
sacral [’seikrəl] pubis [´pjubis]
coccyx [’kɔksiks] femur [´fi:mə]
coccygeal [kɔk´sidʒiəl] fibula [´fibjulə]
cranium [’kreiniəm] tibia [’tibiə]
cranial [’kreiniəl] carpal [´ka:p(ə)l]
nasal [’neizəl] metacarpal [metə´ka:pəl]
occipital [ɔk´sipit(ə)l] tarsus [´ta:səs]
temporal [´temper(ə)l] metatarsus [metə´ta:səs]
frontal [’frΛnt(ə)l] phalanx [´fælæŋks]
parietal [pə’raiitl] cartilage [´ka:tilidʒ]
sphenoid [´sfi:nɔid] ligament [´ligəmənt]
ethmoid [´emɔid] substance [’sÙbstəns]
zygomatic [‚zaigɔ’mætik] axis [’æksis]
maxilla [mæk´silə] arch [a:t∫]
mandible [’mændibəl] organic [ɔ:´gænik]
sternum [´stə:nəm] viscera [´visərə] (pl.)
clavicle [´klævikl] oral [´ɔ:rəl]
24. Learn the words from the Vocabulary List 2:
Vocabulary List 2
bone [bəun] n кость
framework [´freimwək] n костяк; основа, остов
skull [skÙl] n череп
spine [spain] n позвоночник
spinal marrow [‚spainəl’mærəu] / spinal cord [‚spainəl’kɔ:d] спинной мозг
rib [rib] n ребро
breastbone [´brestbəun] n грудина
girdle [´gə:dl] n пояс
eyeball [’aibɔ:l] n глазное яблоко
various [´vεəriəs] a различный, разный
protection [prə´tek∫n] n защита
surround [sə´raund] v окружать, обступать
attach [ə´tæt∫] v прикреплять, присоединять
fuse [fju:z] v зд. срастать(ся), соединять(ся)
cheek–bone [´t∫i:kboun] скуловая кость
according (to) [ə´kɔ:diŋ] согласно, в соответствии (с)
orbit [´ɔbi:t] n глазная впадина
shoulder-blade [´s∫əuldə´bleid] n лопатка
collar-bone [´kɔləbəun] n ключица
flexible [´fleksəbl] a гибкий
jaw [dʒɔ:] n челюсть
cushion [´ku∫ən] v смягчать
firm [fə:m] a крепкий, прочный
25. Find in exercises 23 and 24 six pairs of synonyms.
26. Translate the derivatives:
1) bone, bony, backbone, tailbone; 2) to protect, protective, protection; 3) vertebra, vertebral, intervertebral, invertebrate; 4) spine, spinal, spineless; 5) frame, framework, frameless; 6) to construct, construction, constructive; 7) firm, firmly, firmness; 8) flexible, inflexible, flexibly, flexibility; 9) fuse, fused, fusion.