- •The structure of the human body
- •1. Memorize the rules of reading:
- •2. Memorize the rules of reading:
- •7. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate them into Russian.
- •8. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice reading them.
- •9. Learn the words from the Vocabulary List 1.
- •Vocabulary List 1
- •10. Name the organs and parts of the body localized in:
- •16. What sentences in the text give us the following information?
- •17. Using the text describe the following anatomical structures:
- •18. What questions can be asked to get the following answers?
- •19. Match the words with the opposite meanings.
- •20. Translate the word combinations. Pay attention to prepositions.
- •21. What parts of the body are described?
- •22. Fill in the gaps with the right prepositions.
- •23. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice reading them.
- •24. Learn the words from the Vocabulary List 2:
- •Vocabulary List 2
- •25. Find in exercises 23 and 24 six pairs of synonyms.
- •26. Translate the derivatives:
- •27. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •28. Translate from English into Russian.
- •29. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the Vocabulary list 2.
- •30. A) Read and translate the text.
- •The Skeleton
- •31. Match the Latin and English medical terms:
- •32. Answer the questions.
- •33. Match the bones with the proper parts of the body.
- •34. Match the groups of ribs with their descriptions.
- •35. Complete the sentences:
- •36. Say whether it’s true or false. Give your reasons.
- •37. Form and translate Participle II of the following verbs:
- •38. Translate the sentences.
- •39. Translate from English into Russian:
- •40. Open the brackets using the necessary Passive Form of the given verb.
- •41. Insert the prepositions “by” or “with”.
- •42. Change the following sentences from the Active into the Passive.
- •43. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.
- •44. Make up sentences from the given words:
- •45. Finish the following sentences using the given words and verbs in the Passive Voice.
- •46. Translate from Russian into English.
- •47. Read the text; insert the proper forms of the verbs. Give a summary of the text. Cranial Bones
- •48. Match the cranial bone with its location.
- •52. А) Find in the dialogue English equivalents for these words and word combinations.
- •58. Answer the questions:
- •59. Translate the sentences.
- •60. Ask 10 questions based on the text “The jaws” and answer them (work in pairs).
- •65. Read the text for general understanding. Pay attention to the first sentence of each paragraph. Make the plan of the text. Bones. Formation and Structure
- •66. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations:
- •67. Read the text once again. Put the questions in the order they are answered in the text, then answer the questions.
- •68. Read the text. The Systems of the Body
- •69. Correct the sentences according to the text.
- •70. State the function of every system described in the text.
- •71. Put the questions in the order they are answered in the text, then answer the questions.
- •72. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of infinitives.
- •73. Join the sentences, using the infinitive in the function of the adverbial modifier of purpose. Then translate the sentences.
- •74. Translate the sentences with infinitives in the function of attribute.
- •75. Join the parts of the table to make up sentences about the role of famous scientists in the history of medicine.
- •76. Answer the questions.
- •77. Prepare a report (10 – 12 sentences) about life and work of one of the great anatomists.
- •78. Read and reproduce the jokes.
- •79. Practice reading the tongue-twisters.
- •80. Poems and rhymes to enjoy.
52. А) Find in the dialogue English equivalents for these words and word combinations.
Экзаменационный билет, соединяются вместе швами, неподвижный, за исключением одной кости, способная двигаться, жевание, часть носовой перегородки, парные кости, углубление, кости верхний челюсти, до рождения, волчья пасть, карман, посередине, в углу каждого глаза, переносица, слёзная железа, слёзный проток.
b) Quote the sentences in which these words are used in the dialogue.
c) Reproduce the dialogue.
53. Read the dialogue once again. What facial bones didn’t the student speak about? Describe these bones using the following phrases:
On each side of the face; to form; the high portion of the cheek; thin, single, flat bone; the lower portion of the nasal septum.
54. Make up a dialogue concerned with the cranial bones.
55. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice their pronunciation.
compact [kəm'pækt]
palate ['pælit]
sinus ['sainəs]
antrum ['æntrəm]
ramus ['reiməs]
coronoid ['kɔrənɔid]
condyle ['kɔndil]
molar ['məulə]
premolar [pri:'məulə]
cusp [kΛsp]
process ['prəusəs]
56. Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
Movements of the jaws; soft palate, hard palate, the floor of the antrum, an air space, a temporomandibular joint, to allow to move, at right angles, to bear teeth, an outer layer, the roof of the mouth, the muscles of mastication, the coronoid process and condyle.
57. a) Read the text, translate it and write out equivalents for the following words and word combinations:
значительно тоньше,
неподвижный,
отделяет от,
по обе стороны,
полый (полость),
иметь форму подковы,
ниже подбородка,
на верхушке,
дно гайморовой пазухи,
над корнями моляров,
при удалении зубов,
соединение тела и ветви,
угол нижней челюсти,
прикрепленные к ветви,
два отростка (выступа),
вращательные движения.
b) Find in the text sentences in which the Passive Voice is used.
The Jaws
The upper jaw is called the maxilla and the lower is called the mandible. The maxilla is fixed to the skull and is immovable. Its outer layer of compact bone is much thinner than that of the mandible. The hard palate is a part of the maxilla and forms the roof of the mouth. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.
On either side of the nasal cavity the maxilla is hollow. Each hollow is known as a maxillary sinus or antrum. It is of great practical importance as the floor of the antrum lies just above the roots1 of the premolars and molar teeth. During extraction of these teeth, the floor may be perforated or a root pushed inside the antrum. As the antrum is an air space it gives resonance to the voice. The mandible is shaped like a horseshoe ['hɔ:∫∫u:] with its ends bent up at right angles. The part bearing teeth is called the body of the mandible and each vertical end of the horseshoe is called a ramus. The junction of body and ramus is called the angle of the mandible.
Attached to the ramus are the muscles of mastication which close the mouth. Muscles opening the mouth are attached to the body just below the chin.
On top of the ramus are two projections: the coronoid process in front and the condyle behind. The condyle and base of the skull form the temporomandibular joint, which allows the lower jaw to move.
Chewing2 is brought about by rotary movements of the mandible which swings from side to side, crushing food between the cusps of opposing molars and premolars. All these movements of the jaws are produced by the muscles of mastication.
Notes
1 root [ru:t] n корень
2 chewing ['t∫u:iŋ] n жевание