praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_01

3

;;D 31.5y73

E12

M>D 532+621.22] (076.5)

: \ l h j u:

G.?.;hgq-Hkfheh\kdZy, :.F.AZyp, <.<.B\Zr_qdbg b ^j.

J _ p _ g a _ g l u:

EZ[hjZlhjguc ijZdlbdmf ih f_oZgbd_ `b^dhklb b ]ZaZ: [Mq_[.

E12 ihkh[b_/ G.?.;hgq-Hkfheh\kdZy, :.F.AZyp, <.<.B\Zr_qdbg b ^j.]; Ih^ j_^. B.<.DZqZgh\Z b <.G.Xogh\pZ. 4-_ ba^., i_j_jZ[. b ^hi. Fg.:;GLM,

2005. k.

EZ[hjZlhjguc ijZdlbdmf \dexqZ_l 35 jZ[hl ih h[s_fm b ki_pbZevghfm dmjkm f_oZgbdb `b^dhklb b ]ZaZ. < dZ`^hc jZ[hl_ ijb\h^blky g_h[oh^bfu_ l_hj_lbq_kdb_ k\_^_gby, ^Z_lky hibkZgb_ hiulghc mklZgh\db, mdZau\Z_lky ihjy^hd \uiheg_gby jZ[hlu b h[jZ[hldb ihemq_gguo hiulguo ^Zgguo.

>ey klm^_glh\ kljhbl_evguo, wg_j]_lbq_kdbo b f_oZgbq_kdbo ki_pbZevghkl_c \lmah\ b l_ogbdmfh\.

4

IJ?>BKEH<B?

GZklhys__ q_l\_jlh_ ba^Zgb_ ijZdlbdmfZ kms_kl\_ggh i_j_jZ[hlZgh ih kjZ\g_gbx k lj_lvbf, \ur_^rbf \ 1980 ]h^m, b ^hiheg_gh eZ[hjZlhjgufb jZ[hlZfb ih h[s_fm b ki_pbZevghfm dmjkZf f_oZgbdb `b^dhklb b ]ZaZ, \dexqZy jZ[hlu ih gZkhkZf b ]b^jhijb\h^Zf.

IjZdlbdmf gZibkZg \ khhl\_lkl\bb k lbih\hc mq_[ghc ijh]jZffhc ^bkpbiebgu «F_oZgbdZ `b^dhklb b ]ZaZ», jZajZ[hlZgghc dhee_dlb\hf dZn_^ju «=b^jZ\ebdZ» ;_ehjmkkdh]h gZpbhgZevgh]h l_ogbq_kdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ (;GLM). Hg iha\hey_l \ eZdhgbqghc nhjf_ hagZdhfblv klm^_glh\ k nbabq_kdhc kmsghklvx bamqZ_fuo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo y\e_gbc, f_lh^bdhc ijh\_^_gby eZ[hjZlhjguo jZ[hl, ho\Zlu\Zxsbo [hevrbgkl\h jZa^_eh\ («=b^jhklZlbdZ», «=b^jh]Zah^bgZfbdZ», «=b^jhfZrbgu b ]b^jhijb\h^u», «=b^jhkhhjm`_gby») mdZaZgghc lbih\hc ijh]jZffu.

< dZ`^hc ba ij_^klZ\e_gguo \ ijZdlbdmf_ jZ[hl, gZjy^m k baeh`_gb_f h[sbo k\_^_gbc ih bamqZ_fhfm \hijhkm, hibkZgb_f eZ[hjZlhjguo mklZgh\hd

(ijZdlbdmf iheghklvx Z^Zilbjh\Zg d eZ[hjZlhjghc [Za_ dZn_^ju

«=b^jZ\ebdZ» ;GLM), ijb\h^blky ihjy^hd \uiheg_gby hiulh\, jZkq_lh\ b hnhjfe_gby ihemq_gguo j_amevlZlh\ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo lZ[ebpZo. Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb \ g_dhlhjuo jZ[hlZo fZl_jbZe beexkljbjm_lky jbkmgdZfb,

]jZnbdZfb, lZ[ebpZfb, kkuedZfb gZ ebl_jZlmjm.

Ijb\_^_ggu_ eZ[hjZlhjgu_ jZ[hlu jZkkqblZgu gZ ih^]hlh\dm klm^_glh\ ih rbjhdhfm ki_dljm ki_pbZevghkl_c (kljhbl_evguo, f_oZgbq_kdbo, wg_j]_lbq_kdbo b l.^.). <iheg_ hq_\b^gh, qlh \uiheg_gb_ \k_o ij_^klZ\e_gguo \ ijZdlbdmf_ jZ[hl g_ y\ey_lky, h[yaZl_evguf ijb ih^]hlh\d_ klm^_glh\ ih dhgdj_lghc ki_pbZevghklb. Ihwlhfm ^ey dZ`^hc ba gbo \u[bjZxlky l_ jZ[hlu, dhlhju_ gZb[he__ ihegh khhl\_lkl\mxl jZ[hqbf mq_[guf ieZgZf b ijh]jZffZf ^ey ^Zgghc bg`_g_jghc ki_pbZevghklb. Ijb wlhf h[t_f hl^_evguo jZ[hl fh`_l mf_gvrZlvky \ khhl\_lkl\bb k jZ[hq_c ijh]jZffhc dmjkZ.

5

FZl_jbZe \ ijZdlbdmf_ baeZ]Z_lky gZ hkgh\_ bkihevah\Zgby l_jfbgheh]bb, ijbgylhc \ kh\j_f_gguo mq_[gbdZo, b j_dhf_g^Zpbc, ijb\_^_gguo \ =HKLZo ih gZkhkZf, ]b^jhfhlhjZf b ig_\fh-]b^jhijb\h^Zf,

\dexqZy =HKL 8.417-2002. «=hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy kbkl_fZ h[_ki_q_gby _^bgkl\Z baf_j_gbc. ?^bgbpu \_ebqbg».

Hnhjfe_gb_ ]jZnbdh\, jbkmgdh\, ko_f ]b^jhijb\h^h\ ijh\h^behkv \ khhl\_lkl\bb k lj_[h\Zgbyfb ?KD> (J50-77-88, =HKLu 2.780-96, 2.782-96).

Dgb]Z ih^]hlh\e_gZ Z\lhjkdbf dhee_dlb\hf dZn_^ju ]b^jZ\ebdb ;GLM, ijb wlhf jZ[hlu 2, 13, 14, 17, 25 gZibkZgu \ khZ\lhjkl\_ bg`_g_jhf

1-hc dZl_]hjbb G.?.;hgq-Hkfheh\kdhc, jZ[hlZ 32 – klZjrbf ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_f :.F.AZyp, d.l.g., ^hp_gl B\Zr_qdbg <.<. – jZ[hlu 10, 11, 16, 20, d.l.g., ijhn_kkhj DZji_gqmd B.<. – jZ[hlu 24,25, 28, ^.l.g., ^hp_gl DZqZgh\ B.<. – jZ[hlu 3, 8, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35, ^hp_gl Dhaeh\ >.:. – jZ[hlu 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, d.l.g., ^hp_gl Dmaf_gdh\ <.B. – jZ[hlu 4, 7, d.l.g., ^hp_gl E_^yg X.I. – jZ[hlu 24, 29, 30, 31, d.l.g., ^hp_gl G_^[Zevkdbc <.D. – jZ[hlu 1, 28, d.l.g.,

^hp_gl Xogh\_p <.G. – jZ[hlu 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, klZjrbc ij_ih^Z\Zl_ev Dhg^jZlh\bq :.G. – jZ[hlu 5, 6, klZjrbc ij_ih^Z\Zl_ev RZlZeh\ B.F. – jZ[hlu 1, 8, 10, 11, klZjrbc ij_ih^Z\Zl_ev Rmevibg B.:. – jZ[hlu 2, 9, 13, 14, 22, 23.

Dhfivxl_jgh_ hnhjfe_gb_ b \_jkldZ dgb]b \uiheg_gu b`_g_jijh]jZffbklhf 1-hc dZl_]hjbb Fbogh\_p F.F. Dhfivxl_jgmx ]jZnbdm b \_jkldm \uihegyeb lZd`_ ZkibjZgl K_jgh\ <.:., klm^_glu >fbljb_\ X.<. b K_f_gydh :.<.

Ijb gZibkZgbb dgb]b Z\lhju klj_fbebkv khojZgblv ij__fkl\_gghklv ih hlghr_gbx d jZg__ ba^Zgguf gZ dZn_^j_ ]b^jZ\ebdb ijZdlbdmfZf 1-]h, 2-]h b 3-]h ba^Zgbc. GZjy^m k wlbf \ ^Zgghc dgb]_ bkihevamxlky lZd`_ j_dhf_g^Zpbb ih ijh\_^_gbx ZgZeh]bqguo jZ[hl \ eZ[hjZlhjbyo ^jm]bo \mah\ b dZn_^j.

:\lhju kqblZxl g_h[oh^bfuf aZjZg__ \ujZablv [eZ]h^Zjghklv aZ \k_ aZf_qZgby b ih`_eZgby ih kh^_j`Zgbx ijZdlbdmfZ, dhlhju_ ke_^m_l

6

gZijZ\eylv ih Z^j_km: 220013, ].Fbgkd, ij. N.Kdhjbgu 65, ;_ehjmkkdbc

gZpbhgZevguc l_ogbq_kdbc mgb\_jkbl_l, ba^Zl_evkl\h «L_ogbq_kdZy

ebl_jZlmjZ».

7

J:;HL: 1

HIJ?>?E?GB? <YADHKLB @B>DHKLB

P_ev jZ[hlu: Hij_^_e_gb_ \yadhklb `b^dhklb \bkdhabf_ljhf Wg]e_jZ b jhlZpbhgguf \bkdhabf_ljhf <KG-3.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

<yadhklvx gZau\Z_lky k\hckl\h `b^dhklb hdZau\Zlv khijhlb\e_gb_ hlghkbl_evghfm ^\b`_gbx (k^\b]m) __ qZklbp. <yadhklv `b^dhklb h[mkeh\eb\Z_l gZebqb_ kbe \gmlj_gg_]h lj_gby, \hagbdZxsbo ijb ^\b`_gbb `b^dhklb. < j_amevlZl_ \gmlj_gg_]h lj_gby ijhbkoh^bl i_j_oh^ qZklb dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb ihlhdZ \ l_ieh\mx. <yadhklv – wlh f_jZ \gmlj_gg_]h lj_gby \ `b^dhklb.

Qlh[u \uykgblv kmsghklv lj_gby ijb l_q_gbb `b^dhklb, jZkkfhljbf ^\b`_gb_ `b^dhklb, ihemqZxs__ky \ kemqZ_, _keb h^gm ba ^\mo iehkdbo iZjZee_evguo ieZklbghd, f_`^m dhlhjufb gZoh^blky `b^dhklv, gZqZlv i_j_^\b]Zlv \ k\h_c iehkdhklb hlghkbl_evgh ^jm]hc ieZklbgdb. Imklv gb`gyy ieZklbgdZ g_ih^\b`gZ, Z \_jogyy ^\b]Z_lky kh kdhjhklvx u (jbk. 1.1).

y

u

Jbk 1.1

8

Wdki_jbf_glZevgh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ wlh]h ^\b`_gby `b^dhklb ihdZaZeh, qlh: 1) `b^dhklv «ijbebiZ_l» d ih\_joghklb ieZklbghd, lZd qlh l_ qZklbpu `b^dhklb, dhlhju_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ijbe_]Zxl d ieZklbgdZf, h[eZ^Zxl l_fb `_ kdhjhklyfb, qlh b ieZklbgdb; 2) baf_g_gb_ kdhjhklb f_`^m ieZklbgdZfb kh\_jrZ_lky ih ebg_cghfm aZdhgm, l._. \ gZr_f kemqZ_ kdhjhklv `b^dhklb \ dZdhc-gb[m^v lhqd_ f_`^m ieZklbgdZfb ijhihjpbhgZevgZ jZkklhygbx wlhc lhqdb hl gb`g_c ieZklbgdb; 3) \gmlj_gg__ lj_gb_ `b^dhklb hdZau\Z_l ^\b`_gbx \_jog_c ieZklbgdb khijhlb\e_gb_, dhlhjh_ ^ey _^bgbpu iehsZ^b ijhihjpbhgZevgh ]jZ^b_glm kdhjhklb, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, dZkZl_evgh_ gZijy`_gb_ beb gZijy`_gb_ k^\b]Z

Sdy

]^_ Flj – kbeZ \yadh]h lj_gby; S – iehsZ^v khijbdhkgh\_gby ljmsboky

keh_\; du - ]jZ^b_gl kdhjhklb, ij_^klZ\eyxsbc baf_g_gb_ kdhjhklb gZ dy

_^bgbpm jZkklhygby f_`^m kf_`gufb kehyfb `b^dhklb \ gZijZ\e_gbb, i_ji_g^bdmeyjghf d ^\b`_gbx; – ^bgZfbq_kdbc dhwnnbpb_gl \yadhklb.

AZdhg lj_gby, \ujZ`_gguc jZ\_gkl\hf (1.1) gZau\Zxl aZdhghf lj_gby GvxlhgZ. G_h[oh^bfh ih^q_jdgmlv, qlh jZkkfhlj_ggh_ gZ jbk. 1.1 ^\b`_gb_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc \_kvfZ ijhklhc qZklguc kemqZc, gZau\Z_fuc ^\b`_gb_f qbklh]h k^\b]Z.

Nbabq_kdbc kfuke ^bgZfbq_kdh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ \yadhklb P aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf, qlh hg qbke_ggh jZ\_g dZkZl_evghfm gZijy`_gbx,

\hagbdZxs_fm f_`^m kehyfb `b^dhklb, ^\b`msbfbky ^jm] hlghkbl_evgh ^jm]Z kh kdhjhklvx, jZ\ghc _^bgbp_, ijb jZkklhygbb f_`^m wlbfb kehyfb, jZ\ghf _^bgbp_ ^ebgu.

10

kj_^gyy ^ebgZ ijh[_]Z mf_gvrZ_lky, \ke_^kl\b_ wlh]h ^bgZfbq_kdZy \yadhklv ihkl_i_ggh m\_ebqb\Z_lky k jhklhf l_fi_jZlmju.

< dZi_evghc `b^dhklb fhe_dmeu ihklhyggh gZoh^ylky \ g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc [ebahklb b g_ fh]ml i_j_^\b]Zlvky lZd k\h[h^gh, dZd fhe_dmeu ]ZaZ. K m\_ebq_gb_f l_fi_jZlmju kbeu \aZbfh^_ckl\by f_`^m fhe_dmeZfb `b^dhklb mf_gvrZxlky, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, ^bgZfbq_kdZy \yadhklv dZi_evguo `b^dhkl_c lZd`_ mf_gvrZ_lky k jhklhf l_fi_jZlmju. <yadhklv \h^u mf_gvrZ_lky ijb ih\ur_gbb l_fi_jZlmju, l.d. ijb wlhf jZajmrZxlky h[jZah\Zggu_ \h^hjh^gufb k\yayfb deZkl_ju fhe_dme \h^u.

K m\_ebq_gb_f ^Z\e_gby \yadhklv dZi_evguo `b^dhkl_c b ]Zah\ \hajZklZ_l, bkdexq_gb_ khklZ\ey_l \h^Z, m dhlhjhc \ke_^kl\b_ hkh[_gghkl_c kljmdlmju fhe_dme \h^u \yadhklv __ ijb l_fi_jZlmjZo gb`_ 300K k jhklhf ^Z\e_gby ^h 150 FIZ mf_gvrZ_lky, Z aZl_f m\_ebqb\Z_lky (jbk. 1.2).

Jbk 1.2

Wlh lZd`_ h[tykgy_lky jZajmr_gb_f ijb m\_ebq_gbb ^Z\e_gby deZkl_jh\ fhe_dme \h^u. Ihwlhfm ih^a_fgu_ \h^u ^Z`_ gZ [hevrbo ]em[bgZo ijb \ukhdbo ^Z\e_gbyo h[eZ^Zxl agZqbl_evghc ih^\b`ghklvx.

11

Ijb ih\ur_gbb ^Z\e_gby ^h 5 FIZ baf_g_gb_ \yadhklb dZi_evghc `b^dhklb g_agZqbl_evgh, b bf ijb jZkq_lZo ij_g_[j_]Zxl. >hklZlhqgh m^b\bl_evgh, qlh \yadhklv ]Zah\ ihqlb g_ aZ\bkbl hl ^Z\e_gby. DZaZehkv [u, k mf_gvr_gb_f ^Z\e_gby mf_gvrZ_lky qbkeh klhedgh\_gbc, qlh ^he`gh ijb\h^blv d mf_gvr_gbx qbkeZ fhe_dme, ijboh^ysbo ba hij_^_e_gghc h[eZklb ^ey i_j_^Zqb k\h_]h bfimevkZ fhe_dmeZf \ khk_^g_c h[eZklb. K ^jm]hc klhjhgu, ijb ihgb`_gbb ^Z\e_gby m\_ebqb\Z_lky kj_^gyy ^ebgZ k\h[h^gh]h ijh[_]Z fhe_dme, b \ j_amevlZl_ fhe_dmeu, i_j_ghkysb_ bfimevk ba h^gh]h ^\b`ms_]hky kehy \ ^jm]hc fh]ml \ha^_ckl\h\Zlv gZ [he__ m^Ze_ggu_ h[eZklb. Wlb wnn_dlu dhfi_gkbjmxl ^jm] ^jm]Z, lZd qlh \yadhklv ]Zah\ \ rbjhdhf bgl_j\Ze_ ihqlb g_ aZ\bkbl hl ^Z\e_gby.

Hiulgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ \yadhklb `b^dhkl_c ijhba\h^blky k ihfhsvx ijb[hjh\, gZau\Z_fuo \bkdhabf_ljZfb. Bf__lky g_kdhevdh lbih\ \bkdhabf_ljh\ – dZibeeyjgu_; \bkdhabf_lju (jhlZpbhggu_) k ^\mfy dhZdkbZevgufb pbebg^jZfb; \bkdhabf_lju, hkgh\Zggu_ gZ aZlmoZgbb djmlbevguo dhe_[Zgbc fZylgbdh\ \ bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb beb pbebg^jh\ k bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklvx; \bkdhabf_lju, \ dhlhjuo \yadhklv `b^dhklb hij_^_ey_lky ih kdhjhklb iZ^_gby \ g_c kl_deyggh]h beb f_lZeebq_kdh]h rZjbdZ; \bkdhabf_lj Wg]e_jZ b ^j. < ^Zgghc jZ[hl_ hij_^_ey_lky \yadhklv k ihfhsvx \bkdhabf_ljh\ Wg]e_jZ b jhlZpbhggh]h – lbiZ <KB-3.

1. HibkZgb_ \bkdhabf_ljZ Wg]e_jZ

<bkdhabf_lj Wg]e_jZ rbjhdh ijbf_gy_lky ^ey hij_^_e_gby \yadhklb `b^dhkl_c, [he__ \yadbo, q_f \h^Z (\ qZklghklb, fZk_e). Hg khklhbl ba ^\mo dhgp_gljbq_kdb jZkiheh`_gguo eZlmgguo j_a_j\mZjh\ 3 b 11 (jbk. 1.3).