praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_06

349

Jbk. 34.4

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

Wdki_jbf_glZevgZy mklZgh\dZ (jbk. 34.5) khklhbl ba [ZeZgkbjgh]h we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey 1, bkiulm_fhc =>I 2, lhjfhaZ 3, bfblbjmxs_]h gZ]jmadm =>I kh klhjhgu \_^hfhc fZrbgu. >ey ihkljh_gby \g_rg_c oZjZdl_jbklbdb =>I g_h[oh^bfh agZlv fhf_glu F1 b F2 gZ _z \_^ms_f b \_^hfhf \ZeZo, Z lZd`_ qZklhlu \jZs_gby N1 b N2 mdZaZgguo \Zeh\.

>ey baf_j_gby fhf_glh\ bkihevam_lky f_lh^ mjZ\gh\_rb\Zgby dhjimkh\ [ZeZgkbjguo W> b lhjfhaZ ijb ihfhsb ^bgZfhf_ljbq_kdbo mkljhckl\ (gZ jbk. 34.5 ihdZaZgu ko_fZlbqgh).

QZklhlZ \jZs_gby \Zeh\ =>I baf_jy_lky k ihfhsvx we_dljhgguo kq_lqbdh\ bfimevkh\ 4, 5. Kq_lqbdb k[ehdbjh\Zgu k we_dljhk_dmg^hf_jhf, qlh iha\hey_l baf_jylv ^_ckl\bl_evgmx qZklhlm \jZs_gby \_^ms_]h N1 b \_^hfh]h N2 \Zeh\. >ey ihemq_gby we_dljbq_kdbo bfimevkh\ ijbf_gy_lky hilbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ, kh^_j`ZsZy d\Zglh\u_ ]_g_jZlhju (gZijbf_j, E= 56) 6, 7 b nhlhwe_f_glu (gZijbf_j, N>9D) 8, 9. Kbkl_fZ ]_g_jZpbb b kqblu\Zgby bfimevkh\ kjZ[Zlu\Z_l ijb i_j_k_q_gbb k\_lh\h]h ihlhdZ, gZijZ\e_ggh]h hl

350

bklhqgbdZ k\_lZ gZ nhlhwe_f_gl. < ^Zgghc ko_f_ wlh h[_ki_qb\Z_lky k ihfhsvx ij_ju\Zl_e_c 10, 11. Ihke_^gb_, [m^mqb aZdj_ie_ggufb gZ ^bkdZo 1, 2, 13, k\yaZgguo b k \_^msbf b \_^hfhf \Zehf, gZoh^ylky \h \jZsZl_evghf ^\b`_gbb b i_jbh^bq_kdb (h^bg jZa aZ h[hjhl \ZeZ) i_j_dju\Zxl k\_lh\hc emq, qlh khijh\h`^Z_lky nhjfbjh\Zgb_f bfimevkgh]h we_dljbq_kdh]h kb]gZeZ gZ \uoh^_ ba nhlhwe_f_glZ.

>ey ih^^_j`Zgby \ ijhp_kk_ bkiulZgbc \ jZ[hq_c ihehklb =>I, aZ^Zgguo agZq_gbc ^Z\e_gbc b jZkoh^Z bkihevamxlky Z\lhghfgZy kbkl_fZ iblZgby (gZ jbk. 34.5 ij_^klZ\e_gZ qZklbqgh), kh^_j`ZsZy j_]meylhju jZkoh^Z

14, 15.

OZjZdl_jbklbdb =>I bf_xl kms_kl\_ggh_ agZq_gb_ ^ey mklZgh\e_gby hilbfZevgh]h j_`bfZ kh\f_klghc jZ[hlu ]b^jhi_j_^Zqb k ^\b]Zl_eyfb b ihlj_[bl_eyfb wg_j]bb, bf_xsbfb i_j_f_ggu_ qZklhlu \jZs_gby. Ijbf_g_gb_ ijbgpbih\ fh^_ebjh\Zgby iha\hey_l ijhba\_klb i_j_kq_l hiulguo ^Zgguo gZ ^jm]b_ lbihjZaf_ju b qZklhlu \jZs_gby, qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_l mf_gvr_gb_ h[t_fZ hiulgh-dhgkljmdlhjkdbo jZ[hl ijb kha^Zgbb gh\uo ehiZklguo kbkl_f =>I.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

I_j_^ gZqZehf bkiulZgbc ijhba\h^yl aZiheg_gb_ =>I jZ[hq_c `b^dhklvx. =>I kqblZxl aZiheg_gghc \ lhf kemqZ_, dh]^Z ihlhd keb\Z_fhc `b^dhklb [m^_l k\h[h^_g hl imaujvdh\ \ha^moZ. <h \j_fy bkiulZgbc g_h[oh^bfh h[_ki_qb\Zlv k lhqghklvx r 50K ihklhygkl\h l_fi_jZlmju jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb. Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh \hafh`gh_ j_adh_ ih\ur_gb_ l_fi_jZlmju fh`_l [ulv \ua\Zgh jZ[hlhc =>I ijb fZeuo i_j_^Zlhqguo hlghr_gbyo I , \dexqZy I = 0. Ihwlhfm, ihke_ jZ[hlu \ lZdbo mkeh\byo, g_h[oh^bfh i_j_\_klb =>I gZ j_`bf, ijb dhlhjhf I o 1.

351

>ey ijh\_^_gby bkiulZgbc =>I \dexqZxl [ZeZgkbjguc W> b j_hklZlhf mklZgZ\eb\Zxl aZ^Zggmx qZklhlm \jZs_gby N1 \_^ms_]h \ZeZ. AZl_f k ihfhsvx lhjfhaZ ijhba\h^blky aZ]jmadZ \_^hfh]h \ZeZ. Ihke_ \uoh^Z gZ klZ[bevguc j_`bf jZ[hlu =>I \dexqZxlky kq_lqbdb bfimevkh\, h[_ki_qb\Zxsb_ j_]bkljZpbx we_dljbq_kdbo kb]gZeh\, ihklmiZxsbo k nhlh^bh^h\ ijb \jZs_gbb \_^ms_]h b \_^hfh]h \Zeh\. H^gh\j_f_ggh k wlbf baf_jy_lky l_fi_jZlmjZ jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb b kgbfZxlky ihdZaZgby ^bgZfhf_ljh\, k\yaZgguo k W> b lhjfhahf.

AZl_f, baf_gyy fhf_gl khijhlb\e_gby, ijbeh`_gguc d \_^hfhfm \Zem k ihfhsvx lhjfhaZ, mklZgZ\eb\Zxl ^jm]hc j_`bf jZ[hlu =>I. Ijb wlhf h[_ki_qb\Z_lky dhgljhev aZ ihklhygkl\hf qZklhlu \jZs_gby N1 gZkhkgh]h dhe_kZ.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

Ih j_amevlZlZf bkiulZgbc hij_^_eyxlky:

-qZklhlu \jZs_gby \_^ms_]h N1 b \_^hfh]h N2 \Zeh\;

-fhf_glu gZ \ZeZo ^\b]Zl_ey F^\ b lhjfhagh]h mkljhckl\Z Flhj. Ijb wlhf

^bgZfhf_ljh\ ijb g_jZ[hlZxs_c i_j_^Zq_; L1 b L2 – ^ebgu lZjbjh\hqguo juqZ]h\, k\yaZgguo khhl\_lkl\_ggh k W> b lhjfhahf;

- fhf_glu, khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ gZkhkghfm F1 b lmj[bgghfm F2 dhe_kZf

F1 F^\ Fk1; F2 Flhj Fk2 ,

]^_ Fk1 b Fk2 - fhf_glu lj_gby \ hihjZo \_^ms_]h b \_^hfh]h \Zeh\;

352

Djhf_ hlf_q_gguo iZjZf_ljh\ ih aZ\bkbfhklb 34.3, 34.5, 34.6, 34.7 jZkkqblu\Zxlky khhl\_lkl\_ggh dhwnnbpb_glu ihe_agh]h ^_ckl\by K=F b K=L , ljZgknhjfZpbb fhf_glh\ D b fhf_glZ gZ gZkhkghf dhe_k_ O1.

J_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc b \uqbke_gbc \ghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 34.1 b bkihevamxlky ^ey ihkljh_gby \g_rgbo b ijb\_^_gguo oZjZdl_jbklbd bkke_^h\Zgguo =>I.

353

LZ[ebpZ 34.1

6.>bZf_lj jZ[hq_c ihehklb =>I, f F

7.>Z\e_gb_ iblZgby, FIZ F

8.IhdZaZgby ^bgZfhf_ljh\ ijb g_jZ[hlZxs_c i_j_^Zq_ –

8.1.F01, g –

8.2.F02, g –

354

Jbk. 34.5

355

J:;HL: 35

BKIUL:GBY :DKB:EVGH-IHJRG?<H=H =B>JHFHLHJ: = 15-24

P_ev jZ[hlu: HagZdhfe_gb_ k dhgkljmdpb_c b ijh\_^_gb_ bkiulZgbc ZdkbZevgh-ihjrg_\h]h ]b^jhfhlhjZ (=F) = 15-24.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

< kh\j_f_gghc l_ogbd_ rbjhdh bkihevamxlky g_j_]mebjm_fu_ ZdkbZevghihjrg_\u_ ]b^jhfhlhju (=F), dhlhju_ ih jy^m ihdZaZl_e_c (\ukhdZy wg_j]h_fdhklv, fZeu_ fZkkZ, ]Z[Zjblgu_ jZaf_ju, fhf_gl bg_jpbb \jZsZxsboky qZkl_c, g_agZqbl_evgh_ (0,01 - 0,03 k) \j_fy jZa]hgZ, lhjfh`_gby b j_\_jkZ, ijhklhlZ j_]mebjh\Zgby djmlys_]h fhf_glZ b qZklhlu \jZs_gby) bf_xl g_hkihjbfu_ ij_bfms_kl\Z i_j_^ we_dljh^\b]Zl_eyfb ZgZeh]bqghc fhsghklb. D qbkem lZdbo ]b^jhfZrbg

LZdb_ ]b^jhfhlhju rbjhdh bkihevamxlky \ kbkl_fZo, ]^_ g_h[oh^bfh h[_ki_qblv [_kklmi_gqZlh_ j_]mebjh\Zgb_ kdhjhklb, qZklu_ j_\_jkbjh\Zgby b \dexq_gby, ^bklZgpbhggh_ b Z\lhfZlbq_kdh_ mijZ\e_gb_, jZ[hlm \ ke_^ys_f j_`bf_. Dhgkljmdpby ZdkbZevgh-ihjrg_\h]h =F k gZdehgguf ^bkdhf ijb\_^_gZ gZ jbk. 35.1. WlZ ]b^jhfZrbgZ khklhbl ba jhlhjZ 10 k ihjrgyfb 17, jZ\ghf_jgh jZkiheh`_ggufb ih hdjm`ghklb, [ZjZ[ZgZ 7 k lhedZl_eyfb 19, gZdehggh]h jZ^bZevgh-mihjgh]h ih^rbigbdZ 6, \ZeZ 1, mklZgh\e_ggh]h \ ih^rbigbdZo 5, 16, lhjph\h]h jZkij_^_ebl_evgh]h ^bkdZ 13, dhjimkh\ 4, 9, neZgpZ 3 k fZg`_lhc 2, ijm`bgu 11 b lhjph\hc rihgdb 8. Ih^ZqZ b hl\h^ fZkeZ \ ]b^jhfhlhj_ ijhba\h^ylky q_j_a ^\Z hl\_jklby 15, \uiheg_gguo \ ^bkd_ 13 b jZkiheh`_gguo kbff_ljbqgh ih hlghr_gbx d hkb ;-;. Ijbq_f dZ`^h_ ba hl\_jklbc k\yaZgh k k_jihh[jZagufb iZaZfb 14,

356

jZkiheh`_ggufb gZ jZ[hq_c ih\_joghklb ^bkdZ 13. >ey hl\h^Z ml_q_d \ ^bkd_ 13 \uiheg_gh hl\_jklb_ 12.

Jbk. 35.1

GZ lhjph\hc ih\_joghklb jhlhjZ 10, dhglZdlbjmxs_c k ^bkdhf 13, \uiheg_gu dZgZeu 20, y\eyxsb_ky ijh^he`_gb_f jZ[hqbo dZf_j 21. Ijb \jZs_gbb jhlhjZ dZgZeu 20 kh_^bgyxlky k h^gbf ba iZah\ 14.

Ijb jZ[hl_ ]b^jhfhlhjZ fZkeh ba gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgbb q_j_a hl\_jklb_ 15 b h^bg ba k_jihh[jZaguo iZah\ 14, jZkiheh`_gguo, gZijbf_j, ke_\Z hl hkb ;-;, ihklmiZ_l \ jZ[hqb_ dZf_ju 21 jhlhjZ. Ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ^Z\e_gby jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb hk_\h_ mkbeb_ q_j_a ihjrgb 17 b lhedZl_eb19 i_j_^Z_lky gZ ih^\b`gh_ dhevph mihjgh]h ih^rbigbdZ 6. Iehkdhklv ih^\b`gh]h dhevpZ ih^rbigbdZ 6 jZkiheh`_gZ gZdehggh d iehkdhklb, i_ji_g^bdmeyjghc hkb \uoh^gh]h \ZeZ. Ihwlhfm ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ^Z\e_gby jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb \ lhqd_ dhglZdlZ ]heh\db lhedZl_ey k ih\_joghklvx ih^\b`gh]h dhevpZ \hagbdZxl lZg]_gpbZevgu_ kbeu L, gZijZ\e_ggu_ ih ghjfZeb d hkb \ZeZ. Ih^ ^_ckl\b_f wlbo kbe h[_ki_qb\Z_lky \jZsZl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_ [ZjZ[ZgZ 7, Z lZd`_ \ZeZ 1 b jhlhjZ 10, kh_^bg_gguo k [ZjZ[Zghf 7 k ihfhsvx rihghd 8 b 18. < wlh `_ \j_fy hklZevgu_ ihjrgb, jZkiheh`_ggu_ ih ^jm]mx klhjhgm hl hkb ;-;, i_j_f_sZxlky \gmljv jhlhjZ

357

b\ul_kgyxl fZkeh ba jZ[hqbo dZf_j q_j_a k_jihh[jZaguc iZa 14 \ ^jm]h_ hl\_jklb_ 15, k\yaZggh_ kh keb\ghc fZ]bkljZevx.

GZijZ\e_gb_ \jZs_gby \ZeZ \ ^Zgghc dhgkljmdpbb aZ\bkbl hl lh]h, dZdh_ ba hl\_jklbc 15 kh_^bg_gh k gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgb_c. Ijb wlhf \_ebqbgZ djmlys_]h fhf_glZ [m^_l aZ\bk_lv dZd hl jZ[hq_]h h[t_fZ V0 , lZd

bhl jZaghklb ^Z\e_gbc ûj \ gZ]g_lZl_evghc b keb\ghc ebgbyo.

QZklhlZ \jZs_gby N \ZeZ \ g_j_]mebjm_fuo =F aZ\bkbl hl h[t_fgh]h jZkoh^Z Q b \uqbkey_lky ih nhjfme_

Lbih\hc oZjZdl_j aZ\bkbfhklb N = F ( ), «qZklhlZ \jZs_gby – kl_i_gv hldjulby ^jhkk_ey» ihdZaZg gZ jbk. 35.2.

Jbk. 35.2

358

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

IjbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ bkiulZl_evgh]h kl_g^Z, ijb\_^_ggZy gZ jbk.35.3, \dexqZ_l ]b^jh[Zd 1, ieZklbgqZluc gZkhk 2 ^\modjZlgh]h ^_ckl\by k we_dljh^\b]Zl_e_f 3. GZ gZ]g_lZl_evghc ebgbb gZkhkZ mklZgh\e_gu j_]mebjm_fuc ^jhkk_ev 4, q_luj_oebg_cguc lj_oihabpbhgguc ]b^jhjZkij_^_ebl_ev (=J) 5 k we_dljhfZ]gblguf mijZ\e_gb_f b j_\_jkb\guc g_j_]mebjm_fuc =F 6 lbiZ =15-24.

Jbk. 35.3

GZ keb\ghc ebgbb =F kfhglbjh\Zg nbevlj 7. IZjZee_evgh gZkhkm mklZgh\e_g i_j_eb\ghc deZiZg 8. >ey hij_^_e_gby qZklhlu \jZs_gby \ZeZ =F \ mklZgh\d_ bkihevam_lky kq_lqbd bfimevkh\ 9, we_dljbq_kdb k\yaZgguc

kfZ]gblguf ^Zlqbdhf 10. Baf_g_gb_ gZijZ\e_gby \jZs_gby \ZeZ =F h[_ki_qb\Z_lky k ihfhsvx =J5, dhlhjuc iha\hey_l kh_^bgblv gZ]g_lZl_evgmx ebgbx gZkhkZ 2 eb[h kh \oh^hf, eb[h k \uoh^hf =F 6. Ijb aZ^Zgghf gZijZ\e_gbb \jZs_gby \ZeZ =F _]h qZklhlZ \jZs_gby N baf_gy_lky

kihfhsvx ^jhkk_ey 4. >hklb]Z_lky wlh aZ kq_l lh]h, qlh ijb jZaebqguo agZq_gbyo kl_i_gb hldjulby ^jhkk_ey , jZaebqgh_ dhebq_kl\h `b^dhklb