praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_04

296

1 - ljm[hijh\h^ ih^Zqb jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb; 2 – \_glbev; 3 – ^bnn_j_gpbZevguc fZghf_lj; 4 – jZkoh^hf_j <_glmjb; 5 – iv_ahf_lj; 6 – \h^hkljmcguc gZkhk; 7 – iv_ahf_lj; 8 – gZihjguc ljm[hijh\h^; 9 – \kZku\Zxsbc ljm[hijh\h^; 10 – ijb_fguc j_a_j\mZj; 11 – ohehklhc keb\; 12 – ljm[hijh\h^ iblZgby ijb_fgh]h j_a_j\mZjZ; 13 –

\_glbev; 14 – iv_ahf_lj.

Jbk. 29.2 Ko_fZ eZ[hjZlhjghc mklZgh\db

297

ijb \uoh^_ ba gZkhkZ (gme_\u_ ^_e_gby rdZe iv_ahf_ljh\ 5 b 7 ^he`gu kh\iZ^Zlv k hk_\hc ebgb_c ljm[hijh\h^h\ 1 b 8).

Ba gZihjgh]h ljm[hijh\h^Z 8 \h^Z ihklmiZ_l \ f_jguc ehlhd (gZ jbk. g_ ihdZaZg), \ dhlhjhf mklZgh\e_g lj_m]hevguc \h^hkeb\ LhfkhgZ (kf. jZ[hlm 4), k ihfhsvx ihke_^g_]h hij_^_ey_lky h[sbc jZkoh^ \h^u Q = Q1 + Q2.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.<dexqZ_lky p_gljh[_`guc gZkhk, ih^Zxsbc \h^m ba \h^hh[hjhlgh]h [Zkk_cgZ \ gZihjguc [Zd ^h _]h aZiheg_gby.

2.Hldju\Z_lky \_glbev 13 b ijbzfguc j_a_j\mZj 10 aZihegy_lky \h^hc ^h gZqZeZ _z k[jhkZ q_j_a ohehklhc keb\ 11.

3.Hldjulb_f \_glbey 2 \dexqZ_lky \ jZ[hlm \h^hkljmcguc gZkhk;

kl_i_gvx hldjulby \_glbey 2 j_]mebjm_lky jZkoh^ jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb Q1, Z l_f kZfuf b jZkoh^ \kZku\Z_fhc `b^dhklb Q2. JZ[hlZ ijh\h^blky ijb g_kdhevdbo jZaebqguo agZq_gbyo jZkoh^Z Q1 , Z lZd`_ jZaebqguo \ukhlZo \kZku\Zgby h\.

4. >ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ nbdkbjmxlky ihdZaZgby ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h fZghf_ljZ 3, iv_ahf_ljh\ 5, 7 b 14, Z k ihfhsvx b]hevqZlh]h mjh\g_f_jZ – hlf_ldb mjh\gy \h^u \ ehld_ i_j_^ \h^hkeb\hf ’ b ]j_[gy \h^hkeb\Z ’0

LhfkhgZ (ih^jh[g__ kf. jZ[hlm 4).

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1.Ih ihdZaZgbyf ^bnn_j_gpbZevgh]h fZghf_ljZ k ihfhsvx lZjbjh\hqghc djb\hc hij_^_ey_lky jZkoh^ \h^u Q1 \ ih^Zxs_f ljm[hijh\h^_.

2.Ih jZaghklb hlf_lhd ]hjbahglZ \h^u \ ehld_ i_j_^ \h^hkeb\hf LhfkhgZ

’b hlf_ldb \_jrbgu m]eZ kZfh]h \h^hkeb\Z ’0 hij_^_ey_lky gZihj gZ \h^hkeb\_ G1 (G1 = ’ - ’0 ), Z ih g_fm k ihfhsvx lZjbjh\hqghc djb\hc –

jZkoh^ \h^u Q, ihklmiZxsbc ba gZihjgh]h ljm[hijh\h^Z.

298

JZaghklv jZkoh^h\ \ gZihjghf ljm[hijh\h^_ b ljm[hijh\h^_ ih^Zqb jZ[hq_c `b^dhklb iha\hey_l hij_^_eylv jZkoh^ \kZku\Z_fhc `b^dhklb

Q2 = Q – Q1.

3. Ih j_amevlZlZf baf_j_gbc ^ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ k ihfhsvx nhjfme (29.1– 29.8) ih^kqblu\Zxlky hkgh\gu_ iZjZf_lju gZkhkZ b bo kj_^gb_ agZq_gby.

<k_ wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ^Zggu_ b j_amevlZlu jZkq_lh\ \ghkylky \ lZ[e. 29.1.

LZ[ebpZ 29.1

J:;HL: 30

I:J:F?LJBQ?KDB? BKIUL:GBY IHJRG?<H=H G:KHK:

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1.Hij_^_e_gb_ hkgh\guo l_ogbq_kdbo ihdZaZl_e_c gZkhkZ.

2.Ihkljh_gb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb gZkhkZ.

3.:gZeba jZ[hlu gZkhkZ ih \b^m kgylhc bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

< \ha\jZlgh-ihklmiZl_evguo ihjrg_\uo gZkhkZo, rbjhdh ijbf_gy_fuo \

jZaebqguo h[eZklyo kh\j_f_gghc l_ogbdb b y\eyxsboky h[tzfgufb, bf__lky

299

h^bg beb g_kdhevdh pbebg^jh\, jZkiheh`_gb_ dhlhjuo fh`_l [ulv ebg_cguf, jZ^bZevguf beb ZdkbZevguf. Ijb\h^ \ul_kgbl_e_c – ijyfh^_ckl\mxsbf

(gZ`bfguf), djb\Zrbigh-rZlmgguf beb dmeZqdh\uf (wdkp_gljbdh\uf). < dZq_kl\_ \ul_kgbl_e_c fh]ml bkihevah\Zlvky ihjrgb beb iemg`_ju. M ihjrg_\uo (iemg`_jguo) gZkhkh\ h[yaZl_evgh ^he`gu [ulv gZ]g_lZl_evguc b \kZku\Zxsbc deZiZgu.

GZ jbk. 30.1 ij_^klZ\e_gu ijbgpbibZevgu_ ko_fu ihjrg_\h]h(Z) b iemg`_jgh]h ([) gZkhkh\.

GZ jbk. 30.2 ij_^klZ\e_gZ ko_fZ h^ghpbebg^jh\h]h ihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ k djb\hrbigh-rZlmgguf ijb\h^hf, Z gZ jbk. 30.3– ^bZ]jZffZ ih^Zqb lZdh]h gZkhkZ.

GZ jbk. 30.4 ij_^klZ\e_gZ ko_fZ iemg`_jgh]h gZkhkZ k jZ^bZevguf dmeZqdh\uf ijb\h^hf, Z gZ jbk. 30.5– ko_fZ ljzoiemg`_jgh]h jZ^lZevghdmeZqdh\h]h gZkhkZ.

GZ jbk. 30.6 ij_^klZ\e_g iemg`_jguc ^habjh\hqguc gZkhk, rbjhdh ijbf_gy_fuc \ obfbq_kdhc l_ogheh]bb ^ey ^habjh\Zgby kZfuo jZaghh[jZaguo `b^dbo dhfihg_glh\.

IZjZf_ljbq_kdb_ bkiulZgby ihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ aZdexqZxlky \ ijh\_^_gbb k_jbb hiulh\, ih j_amevlZlZf dhlhjuo fh`_l [ulv ihkljh_gZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ gZkhkZ, l._. ]jZnbq_kdZy aZ\bkbfhklv hkgh\guo l_ogbq_kdbo ihdZaZl_e_c (ih^Zqb – Q, fhsghklb – N, d.i.^.–K ) hl ^Z\e_gby gZkhkZ ijb ihklhygguo qbkeZo ^\hcguo oh^h\ ihjrgy, \yadhklb b iehlghklb `b^dhklb gZ \oh^_ \ gZkhk.

GZ jbk.30.7 \ dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ ijb\_^_gZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ ihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ fZjdb L-15/20 (L- lj_oiemg`_jguc; 15ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ, f3/qZk; 20 –

^Z\e_gb_ gZ]g_lZgby, d]/kf2) ijb jZ[hl_ gZ \h^_ k l_fi_jZlmjhc 300 K, qZklhlhc \jZs_gby n = 75 h[/fbg b ^Z\e_gbb gZ]g_lZgby p = 0,2 – 2,0 FIZ [22].

300

Z – ihjrg_\hc; [ – iemg`_jguc.

1 – pbebg^j; 2 – \kZku\Zxsbc deZiZg; 3 – gZ]g_lZl_evguc deZiZg; 4 – ihjr_gv (iemg`_j).

Jbk. 30.1 IjbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ gZkhkZ

301

1 – ihjr_gv; 2 – rZlmg; 3 – djb\hrbi.

Jbk. 30.2 Ko_fZ gZkhkZ k djb\hrbigh-rZlmgguf ijb\h^hf

Jbk. 30.3 >bZ]jZffZ ih^Zqb h^ghpbebg^jh\h]h ihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ

302

1 – \kZku\Zxsbc deZiZg; 2 – gZ]g_lZl_evguc deZiZg; 3 – pbebg^j; 4 – \ha\jZlgZy ijm`bgZ; 5 – iemg`_j; 6 – dmeZqhd.

Jbk. 30.4 Ko_fZ iemg`_jgh]h gZkhkZ k jZ^bZevguf dmeZqdh\uf ijb\h^hf

1 – pbebg^j; 2 – ijm`bgZ; 3 – iemg`_j; 4 – dmeZqhd.

Jbk. 30.5 Ko_fZ lj_oiemg`_jgh]h jZ^bZevgh-dmeZqdh\h]h gZkhkZ

303

1 – dhjimk; 2 – we_dljh^\b]Zl_ev; 3 – djb\hrbigh-iemg`_jguc f_oZgbaf; 4 – iemg`_j; 5 – gZ]g_lZl_evguc deZiZg; 6 – \kZku\Zxsbc deZiZg.

Jbk. 30.6 Iemg`_jguc ^habjh\hqguc gZkhk

Hkj_^g_ggZy \h \j_f_gb k_dmg^gZy ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ

]^_ Ql – l_hj_lbq_kdZy (]_hf_ljbq_kdZy) k_dmg^gZy ih^ZqZ; h - h[t_fguc d.i.^., ij_^klZ\eyxsbc hlghr_gb_ ^_ckl\bl_evghc ih^Zqb gZkhkZ d _]h l_hj_lbq_kdhc ih^Zq_, mqblu\Zxsbc h[t_fgu_ ml_qdb `b^dhklb ba jZ[hq_c dZf_ju gZkhkZ b aZ\bkysbc hl _]h dhgkljmdpbb, jZaf_jh\, qZklhlu oh^Z b ^Z\e_gby; hjb_glbjh\hqgu_ agZq_gby h gZoh^ylky \ ij_^_eZo 0,85 – 0,99.

304

Jbk. 30.7 OZjZdl_jbklbdZ lj_oiemg`_jgh]h gZkhkZ L-15/20

L_hj_lbq_kdZy k_dmg^gZy ih^ZqZ h^ghihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ h^ghklhjhgg_]h ^_ckl\by (jbk.30.1) hij_^_ey_lky \ujZ`_gb_f

h^ghihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ ^\mklhjhgg_]h ^_ckl\by

305

]^_ D b d – khhl\_lkl\_ggh ^bZf_lju ihjrgy b rlhdZ; l – oh^ ihjrgy; n

– qbkeh ^\hcguo oh^h\ ihjrgy \ fbgmlm.

Ijb qbke_ ihjrg_c i l_hj_lbq_kdZy k_dmg^gZy ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ, hij_^_ey_fZy \ujZ`_gbyfb (30.2) b (30.3) m\_ebqb\Z_lky \ i jZa.

>Z\e_gb_ gZkhkZ hij_^_ey_lky \ujZ`_gb_f

^Z\e_gbc); Z0 - \_jlbdZevgh_ jZkklhygb_ f_`^m p_gljZfb ly`_klb k_q_gbc, ]^_ ih^dexq_gu baf_jbl_evgu_ ijb[hju.

<[hevrbgkl\_ ihjrg_\uo gZkhkh\ ^bZf_lju \kZku\Zxs_]h

(ih^\h^ys_]h) b gZ]g_lZl_evgh]h (hl\h^ys_]h) iZljm[dh\ h^bgZdh\u, Z agZqbl, h^bgZdh\u b kj_^gb_ kdhjhklb ^\b`_gby `b^dhklb \ gbo, ihwlhfm ( Vg2 – V\2 ) / 2 = 0 ; aZqZklmx b Z0 = 0. ?keb `_ wlb \_ebqbgu b g_ jZ\gu gmex, bfb fh`gh ij_g_[j_qv, ihkdhevdm hgb fZeu ih kjZ\g_gbx k \_ebqbghc (j\Zd + jfZg ).

Bkoh^y ba kdZaZggh]h, ^Z\e_gb_ gZkhkZ h[uqgh hij_^_eyxl \ujZ`_gb_f

Ihe_agZy fhsghklv gZkhkZ hij_^_ey_lky nhjfmehc