praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_04
.pdf
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
316 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LZ[ebpZ 30.2 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
^ |
^ |
|
|
|
^bZ]jZffuglnbpb k |
bg^bdZlhjgh^gKj _ |
|
|
|
|
ih(27.7) |
|
Bg^bdZlhjguc |
|
|
|
|
|
|
k=h |
|
(27.12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
hiulZjGhf |
bg^bdZIehsZ^v- ^bZ]jZffulhjghcS |
^bZ]jZffu>ebgZl |
\ukhlZ^gyy\Kj |
^bZ]jZffuh |
LZjbjh\hqgucdhwn- |
=b^jZ\ebqkdbc |
Bg^bdZlhjgZy |
|
|
|
|
|||||
jgb^Z\e |
.^.i.d |
fhsghklvN |
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b |
|
|
|
|
(27.10)ih |
d.i.^ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
b |
|
|
|
b |
|
] |
|
b |
|
(27.11)ih |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ih |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b |
|
b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J:;HL: 31
BAMQ?GB? DHGKLJMDPBB JHLHJGUO G:KHKH< B
HIJ?>?E?GB? BO J:;HQ?=H H;T?F:
P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. HagZdhfe_gb_ k dhgkljmdpb_c b ijbgpbihf ^_ckl\by gZb[he__ qZklh ijbf_gy_fuo \ ]b^jhkbkl_fZo jhlhjguo gZkhkh\ – jhlhjgh-ihjrg_\uo, ieZklbgqZluo b r_kl_j_gguo.
2. Hij_^_e_gb_ jZ[hq_]h h[t_fZ jhlhjguo gZkhkh\ ih ^Zgguf baf_j_gbc hl^_evguo bo we_f_glh\.
H;SB? K<?>?GBY
D jhlhjguf hlghkylky h[t_fgu_ gZkhku, \ dhlhjuo \ul_kg_gb_ `b^dhklb ba i_j_f_sZ_fuo jZ[hqbo dZf_j \jZsZl_evgh]h beb \jZsZl_evgh-ihklmiZl_evgh]h ^\b`_gby JZ[hqZy dZf_jZ gZkhkZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc aZfdgmlh_
hkms_kl\ey_lky \ j_amevlZl_ \ul_kgbl_e_c. ijhkljZgkl\h,
317
ihi_j_f_ggh khh[sZxs__ky lh kh \kZku\Zxs_c, lh k gZihjghc ihehklyfb. Ijb khh[s_gbb jZ[hq_c dZf_ju kh \kZku\Zxs_c ihehklvx __ h[t_f m\_ebqb\Z_lky, qlh ijb\h^bl d mf_gvr_gbx ^Z\e_gby b ihklmie_gbx \ g__ `b^dhklb, Z ijb khh[s_gbb k gZihjghc ihehklvx h[t_f dZf_ju mf_gvrZ_lky, \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h `b^dhklv \ul_kgy_lky \ gZihjgmx ebgbx.
LZdbf h[jZahf, jZ[hqbc ijhp_kk jhlhjguo gZkhkh\ khklhbl ba aZiheg_gby jZ[hqbo dZf_j `b^dhklvx, aZfudZgby jZ[hqbo dZf_j, i_j_f_s_gby bo \ ijhkljZgkl\_ b \ul_kg_gby `b^dhklb ba jZ[hqbo dZf_j \ul_kgbl_eyfb.
I_jbh^bq_kdh_ baf_g_gb_ h[t_fZ jZ[hqbo dZf_j ijhbkoh^bl \ j_amevlZl_ i_j_f_s_gby dZd kZfbo dZf_j, lZd b b \ul_kgbl_e_c.
Jhlhjguc gZkhk khklhbl ba g_ih^\b`gh]h klZlhjZ, \jZsZxs_]hky jhlhjZ b \ul_kgbl_e_c. Ih oZjZdl_jm ^\b`_gby \ul_kgbl_e_c gZkhku ^_eylky gZ jhlhjgh-\jZsZl_evgu_ b jhlhjgh-ihklmiZl_evgu_. D jhlhjgh-\jZsZl_evguf hlghkylky r_kl_j_ggu_ b \bglh\u_ gZkhku, Z d jhlhjgh-ihklmiZl_evguf – ieZklbgqZlu_ (rb[_jgu_) b jhlhjgh-ihjrg_\u_.
HIBK:GB? DHGKLJMDPBC BAMQ:?FUO G:KHKH<
Jhlhjgh-ihjrg_\u_ gZkhku. JZ[hqb_ dZf_ju jhlhjgh-ihjrg_\uo gZkhkh\ \uiheg_gu \ \b^_ pbebg^jh\, jZkiheh`_gguo \gmljb jhlhjZ,
\ul_kgbl_eyfb y\eyxlky ihjrgb beb iemg`_ju. Ih jZkiheh`_gbx jZ[hqbo dZf_j hlghkbl_evgh hkb \jZs_gby jhlhjZ gZkhku ^_eylky gZ jZ^bZevgu_ b ZdkbZevgu_.
JZ^bZevguc jhlhjgh-ihjsg_\hc gZkhk ko_fZlbqgh ij_^klZ\e_g gZ jbk.31.1 b 31.2 ( \b^ k[hdm). < jZ^bZevghf jhlhjgh-ihjrg_\hf gZkhk_ jZ[hqb_ dZf_ju b \ul_kgbl_eb jZkiheh`_gu jZ^bZevgh hlghkbl_evgh hkb \jZs_gby jhlhjZ. Hkv jhlhjZ 2 jZkiheh`_gZ wdkp_gljbqgh ih hlghr_gbx d hkb klZlhjZ1.
318
1 – klZlhj; 2 – jhlhj; 3 – iemg`_j; 4 – \kZku\Zxs__ hl\_jklb_; 5 – hkv
(pZinZ); 6 – gZ]g_lZl_evgh_ hl\_jklb_;
Jbk. 31.1 Jhlhjgh – ihjrg_\hc gZkhk
<ul_kgbl_eb, \uiheg_ggu_ \ \b^_ iemg`_jh\ 3 ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ijm`bg beb p_gljh[_`ghc kbeu ijb`bfZxlky k\hbfb kn_jbq_kdbfb ]heh\dZfb d ih\_joghklb klZlhjZ 1 b ijb \jZs_gbb jhlhjZ kh\_jrZxl \ha\jZlghihklmiZl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_ \ pbebg^jZo. JZkij_^_e_gb_ `b^dhklb ijhba\h^blky jZkij_^_ebl_evghc hkvx (pZinhc) 5, \ dhlhjhc bf_xlky ijh^hevgh jZkiheh`_ggu_ \kZku\Zxs__ 4 b gZ]g_lZl_evgh_ 6 hl\_jklby.
319
1 – klZlhj; 2 – jhlhj; 3 – iemg`_j; 4 – \kZku\Zxs__ hl\_jklb_; 5 – hkv
(pZinZ); 6 – gZ]g_lZl_evgh_ hl\_jklb_;
Jbk. 31.2 Jhlhjgh – ihjrg_\hc gZkhk (\b^ k[hdm)
<kZku\Zxs__ 4 b gZ]g_lZl_evgh_ 6 hl\_jklby kh_^bgyxlky kh \kZku\Zxsbf b gZihjguf ljm[hijh\h^Zfb. Ijb \jZs_gbb jhlhjZ ih qZkh\hc klj_ed_ pbebg^ju ihhq_j_^gh kh_^bgyxlky kh \kZku\Zxsbf hl\_jklb_f 4, dh]^Z iemg`_ju 3 \u^\b]Zxlky ba pbebg^jh\, b k hl\_jklb_f 6, dh]^Z iemg`_ju i_j_f_sZxlky \ gZijZ\e_gbb d hkb \jZs_gby jhlhjZ 2 ijb h[jZlghf ^\b`_gbb iemg`_jh\.
Dh]^Z hl\_jklby \ ^gbs_ pbebg^jZ, kh_^bgyxsb_ pbebg^ju k hl\_jklbyfb
4 beb 6, i_j_dju\Zxlky i_j_fuqdhc gZ hkb 5, jZa^_eyxs_c f_`^m kh[hc
320
\kZku\Zxs__ 4 b gZ]g_lZl_evgh_ 6 hl\_jklby (jbk.31.1, ijhbkoh^bl aZfudZgb_ jZ[hq_c dZf_ju. AZ h^bg h[hjhl jhlhjZ dZ`^Zy dZf_jZ aZfudZ_lky ^\Z`^u; iemg`_j \ wlh \j_fy kh\_jrZ_l oh^, jZ\guc m^\h_gghfm wdkp_gljbkbl_lm e.
JZ[hqZy dZf_jZ \ jZ^bZevghf jhlhjgh-ihjrg_\hf gZkhk_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc h[tzf, h]jZgbq_gguc \gmlj_gg_c ih\_joghklvx jZkiheh`_gguo \ jhlhj_ 1 pbebg^jh\, b gb`gbf lhjphf iemg`_jh\ 3.
JZ[hqbc h[t_f khhl\_lkl\m_l b^_Zevghc ih^Zq_ gZkhkZ aZ h^bg h[hjhl jhlhjZ b \ujZ`Z_lky nhjfmehc
V0= (Œd2/2) e z, |
(31.1) |
]^_ d - ^bZf_lj pbebg^jZ; e - wdkp_gljbkbl_l; z - qbkeh pbebg^jh\.
Ih^ZqZ jZ^bZevgh]h jhlhjgh-ihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ j_]mebjm_lky baf_g_gb_f wdkp_gljbkbl_lZ _.
:dkbZevgu_ jhlhjgh-ihjrg_\u_ gZkhku hlebqZxlky hl jZ^bZevguo l_f, qlh ihjrgb m gbo kh\_jrZxl \ha\jZlgh-ihklmiZl_evgh_ ^\b`_gb_ \ gZijZ\e_gbb, iZjZee_evghf beb [ebadhf d iZjZee_evghfm hlghkbl_evgh hkb [ehdZ pbebg^jh\. Wlb gZkhku \uihegyxlky k gZdehgguf pbebg^jh\uf [ehdhf beb gZdehgghc rZc[hc.
:dkbZevgh-ihjrg_\hc gZkhk k gZdehgghc rZc[hc ko_fZlbqgh ij_^klZ\e_g gZ jbk.31.3.
Hkgh\gufb we_f_glZfb gZkhkZ y\eyxlky: [ehd pbebg^jh\ (jhlhj) 1, ihjrgb (iemg`_ju) 5, gZdehggZy rZc[Z 2 b hihjgh-jZkij_^_ebl_evguc ^bkd 6, khklZ\eyxsbc qZklv klZlhjZ. Ijb \jZs_gbb [ehdZ pbebg^jh\ 1 \f_kl_ k \Zehf 3
\hdjm] hkb ihjrgb 5ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ijm`bg (gZ jbk.31.3 g_ ihdZaZgu) beb