praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_04

306

]^_ p - ^Z\e_gb_ gZkhkZ, G/f2 (IZ); Q - ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ, f3 /k.

< k\yab k gZebqb_f ihl_jv ^Z\e_gby plj ijb ^\b`_gbb `b^dhklb q_j_a gZkhk (]eZ\guf h[jZahf q_j_a deZiZggu_ hl\_jklby) ihjr_gv ^he`_g ih^\_klb d `b^dhklb, gZoh^ys_cky \ jZ[hq_c dZf_j_ gZkhkZ, bg^bdZlhjgmx fhsghklv Nb

]^_ Ql – l_hj_lbq_kdZy ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ (f3/k), hij_^_ey_fZy \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl lbiZ gZkhkZ \ujZ`_gb_f (30.2) beb (30.3); jb – kj_^g__ bg^bdZlhjgh_ ^Z\e_gb_

(IZ), hij_^_ey_fh_ ih kj_^g_c \ukhl_ hb bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu, kgylhc k ihfhsvx bg^bdZlhjZ ^Z\e_gby:

k – lZjbjh\hqguc dhwnnbpb_gl bg^bdZlhjZ, khhl\_lkl\mxsbc oZjZdl_jbklbd_ ijm`bgu bg^bdZlhjZ.

GhjfZevgZy bg^bdZlhjgZy ^bZ]jZffZ ihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ, kgZ[`_ggh]h \ha^mrgufb dheiZdZfb, ijb\_^_gZ gZ jbk.30.8.

Hl^_evgu_, gZb[he__ oZjZdl_jgu_ bkdZ`_gby bg^bdZlhjguo ^bZ]jZff,

\ua\Zggu_ jZagufb ijbqbgZfb, ijb\_^_gu \ g_dhlhjuo mq_[guo b kijZ\hqguo ihkh[byo [9, 19, 21].

Kj_^gyy \ukhlZ bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu hb hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_

]^_ S^ – iehsZ^v bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu; l^ – __ ^ebgZ.

307

Jbk. 30.8 Bg^bdZlhjgZy ^bZ]jZffZ

Kj_^gyy \ukhlZ bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu fh`_l [ulv gZc^_gZ b iml_f ^_e_gby __ gZ jy^ \_jlbdZevguo ihehkhd k ihke_^mxsbf hij_^_e_gb_f \ukhlu dZ`^hc ba gbo [15].

Hlghr_gb_ ihe_aghc fhsghklb gZkhkZ d bg^bdZlhjghc hij_^_ey_l bg^bdZlhjguc d.i.^.

GZ hkgh\Zgbb \ujZ`_gbc (30.6) b (30.7) jZ\_gkl\h (30.10) ijbgbfZ_l

\b^

308

]^_ ] – ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc d.i.^. gZkhkZ:

Hjb_glbjh\hqgu_ agZq_gby ] gZoh^ylky \ ij_^_eZo 0,70 – 0,90.

Ba (30.11) ke_^m_l, qlh bg^bdZlhjguc d.i.^. mqblu\Z_l dZd ]b^jZ\ebq_kdb_ ihl_jb, lZd b h[t_fgu_ ml_qdb `b^dhklb \ gZkhk_.

< k\hx hq_j_^v bg^bdZlhjgZy fhsghklv Nb f_gvr_ fhsghklb N, ihlj_[ey_fhc kh[kl\_ggh gZkhkhf, l._. ih^\h^bfhc d \Zem gZkhkZ, \ke_^kl\b_ f_oZgbq_kdbo ihl_jv Nf_o, aZljZqb\Z_fuo gZ ij_h^he_gb_ kbe lj_gby f_`^m ^_lZeyfb f_oZgbafZ gZkhkZ (\ ih^rbigbdZo, kZevgbdZo b ^j.), Z lZd`_ lj_gby ihjrgy h \gmlj_ggxx ih\_joghklv pbebg^jZ:

Wlb ihl_jb mqblu\Zxlky f_oZgbq_kdbf d.i.^. gZkhkZ

Qbke_ggu_ agZq_gby f gZoh^ylky \ ij_^_eZo 0,85 – 0,90.

Ijhqb_ f_oZgbq_kdb_ ihl_jb \ i_j_^Zlhqghf f_oZgbaf_ (\ j_^mdlhj_, debghj_f_gghc i_j_^Zq_ b ^j.) mqblu\Zxlky d.i.^. i_j_^Zqb i_j, qbke_ggh_ agZq_gb_ dhlhjh]h fh`gh ijbgylv jZ\guf 0,90 [5]. ?keb \Ze ^\b]Zl_ey b \Ze gZkhkZ (djb\hrbi) kh_^bg_gu k ihfhsvx j_^mdlhjZ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh ([_a debghj_f_gghc i_j_^Zqb), i_j = 0,90 - 0.95. Lh]^Z h[sbc f_oZgbq_kdbc d.i.^. gZkhkgh]h Z]j_]ZlZ

we_dljhbaf_jbl_evguo ijb[hjh\, dhlhju_ baf_jyxl fhsghklv we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ, iblZxs_]h we_dljh^\b]Zl_ev (kf. jZ[hlm 24 ).

LZdbf h[jZahf, fhsghklv, ihlj_[ey_fZy kh[kl\_ggh gZkhkhf, beb

Hlghr_gb_ ihe_aghc fhsghklb gZkhkZ Ni d fhsghklb, ih^\h^bfhc d \Zem gZkhkZ N, hij_^_ey_l d.i.^. gZkhkZ

D.i.^. gZkhkZ fh`_l [ulv \ujZ`_g bgZq_:

Ijb ihkljh_gbb oZjZdl_jbklbdb gZkhkgh]h Z]j_]ZlZ _]h d.i.^. hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_

310

]^_ Nk – fhsghklv, ihlj_[ey_fZy Z]j_]Zlhf ba k_lb b hij_^_ey_fZy ih ihdZaZgbyf \Zllf_ljZ, \dexq_ggh]h \ k_lv iblZgby.

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

HiulgZy mklZgh\dZ (jbk.30.9) \dexqZ_l ke_^mxsb_ hkgh\gu_ we_f_glu: gZkhk 1 k we_dljh^\b]Zl_e_f b f_oZgbq_kdhc i_j_^Zq_c, \kZku\Zxsbc 17, gZihjguc 7 b keb\ghc 11 ljm[hijh\h^u, iblZxsbc 19 b ijb_fguc 4 j_a_j\mZju, baf_jbl_evgmx ZiiZjZlmjm.

GZkhk 1 – wlh h^ghiemg`_jguc ^habjh\hqguc gZkhk k \kZku\Zxsbf b gZihjguf deZiZgZfb. <kZku\Zxsbc ljm[hijh\h^ 17 kgZ[`_g ijb_fguf mkljhckl\hf 18, \dexqZxsbf ij_^hojZgbl_evgmx k_ldm b h[jZlguc deZiZg; ih ljm[hijh\h^m 17 \h^Z ba iblZxs_]h j_a_j\mZjZ 19 ihklmiZ_l \ gZkhk 1.

Ih gZihjghfm ljm[hijh\h^m 7, kgZ[`_gghfm \_glbe_f 6, \h^Z ihklmiZ_l \ ijb_fguc j_a_j\mZj 4. Keb\ghc ljm[hijh\h^ 11 kgZ[`_g ]b[dbf reZg]hf

12, ijb ihfhsb dhlhjh]h \h^Z fh`_l gZijZ\eylvky eb[h \ f_jguc hlk_d keb\gh]h j_a_j\mZjZ 13, eb[h \ ohehklhc k[jhk 8.

Baf_jbl_evgZy ZiiZjZlmjZ \dexqZ_l: ijm`bgguc \Zdmmff_lj 9, ijbkh_^bg_gguc d \kZku\Zxs_fm iZljm[dm gZkhkZ 1, ijm`bgguc fZghf_lj 3, ijbkh_^bg_gguc d gZihjghfm iZljm[dm gZkhkZ 1 (gZ kh_^bgbl_evguo ljm[dZo mklZgh\e_gu lj_ooh^h\u_ djZgu 2 b 10, kem`Zsb_ ^ey ijh^m\db b ijheb\db ijb[hjh\), \Zllf_lj, lZohf_lj b k_dmg^hf_j (gZ jbkmgd_ g_ ihdZaZgu).

311

1 – gZkhk; 2, 10 – lj_ooh^h\hc djZg; 3 – fZghf_lj; 4 – ijb_fguc j_a_j\mZj; 5, 14 – iv_ahf_lj; 6 – \_glbev; 7 – gZihjguc ljm[hijh\h^; 8 – ohehklhc k[jhk; 9 –

\Zdmmff_lj; 11 – keb\ghc ljm[hijh\h^; 12 – ]b[dbc reZg]; 13 – f_jguc hlk_d keb\gh]h j_a_j\mZjZ; 15 – djZg; 16 – keb\ keb\gh]h j_a_j\mZjZ; 17 –

\kZku\Zxsbc ljm[hijh\h^; 18 – ijb_fgh_ mkljhckl\h; 19 – iblZxsbc j_a_j\mZj.

Jbk. 30.9 Ko_fZ wdki_jbf_glZevghc mklZgh\db

>ey kgylby bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu d jZ[hq_c dZf_j_ gZkhkZ ih^dexqZ_lky bg^bdZlhj ^Z\e_gby (kf. jZ[hlm 9, jbk. 9.2). Hij_^_e_gb_ iehsZ^b S^ bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu ijhba\h^blky ieZgbf_ljhf beb iZe_ldhc.

312

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

Ijb iheghklvx hldjulhf \_glbe_ 6 gZ gZihjghf ljm[hijh\h^_ 7

\dexqZxl gZkhk 1,dhlhjuc ^he`_g ijhjZ[hlZlv g_ f_g__ 5-6 fbgml ^h gZqZeZ i_j\h]h baf_j_gby, ^ey lh]h, qlh[u j_`bf jZ[hlu gZkhkZ klZe mklZgh\b\rbfky, Z ihdZaZgby ijb[hjh\ klZ[bevgufb. Ihke_ lh]h, dZd gZqg_l keb\Zlvky \h^Z ba ijb_fgh]h j_a_j\mZjZ 4 ih keb\ghc ljm[_ 11, ijbklmiZxl d hij_^_e_gbx ih^Zqb gZkhkZ, ^ey wlh]h hij_^_eyxl h[t_f \h^u V, ihklmib\rbc \ f_jguc hlk_d keb\gh]h j_a_j\mZjZ 13, b k_dmg^hf_jhf hij_^_eyxl ^ebl_evghklv _]h aZiheg_gby.

QZklhlm \jZs_gby n (h[/fbg) dhe_gqZlh]h \ZeZ (beb qbkeh ^\hcguo oh^h\ ihjrgy) hij_^_eyxl eb[h lZohf_ljhf, eb[h \bamZevgh.

J_]bkljbjmxl ihdZaZgby fZghf_ljZ jfZg, \Zdmmff_ljZ j\Zd. b we_dljhbaf_jbl_evguo ijb[hjh\. Wlbf aZ\_jrZ_lky ijh\_^_gb_ hiulZ, khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h gZqZevghfm j_`bfm jZ[hlu gZkhkZ.

MklZgh\e_gb_ \lhjh]h b ihke_^mxs_]h j_`bfh\ jZ[hlu gZkhkZ ^hklb]Z_lky m\_ebq_gb_f ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h khijhlb\e_gby \ k_lb iml_f ihkl_i_ggh]h ijbdjulby \_glbey 6 gZ gZihjghf ljm[hijh\h^_ 7.

H[s__ dhebq_kl\h hiulh\ ^he`gh [ulv g_ f_g__ 8-10.

Ijb dZ`^hf j_`bf_ jZ[hlu gZkhkZ ijhba\h^ylky \k_ i_j_qbke_ggu_ \ur_ baf_j_gby.

Ijb jZ[hl_ gZkhkZ \ h^ghf ba j_`bfh\ kgbfZ_lky bg^bdZlhjgZy ^bZ]jZffZ. >ey wlh]h gZ [ZjZ[Zg bg^bdZlhjZ gZfZlu\Z_lky ki_pbZevgZy [mfZ]Z.

Ijb`bfZy juqZ`hd k dZjZg^Zrhf d [ZjZ[Zgm, ihke_^gbc f_^e_ggh ih\hjZqb\Zxl \hdjm] _]h hkb. LZd dZd pbebg^j bg^bdZlhjZ g_ kh_^bg_g ihdZ _s_ k jZ[hqbf pbebg^jhf gZkhkZ b gZoh^blky ih^ Zlfhkn_jguf ^Z\e_gb_f, ebgby, ijhq_jq_ggZy gZ [mfZ]_ khhl\_lkl\m_l Zlfhkn_jghfm ^Z\e_gbx.

Ihke_ wlh]h rgmj bg^bdZlhjZ k ihfhsvx ki_pbZevgh]h djxqdZ kh_^bgyxl kh rlhdhf ihjrgy, hldju\Zxl lj_ooh^h\hc djZgbd gZ rlmp_j_

313 bg^bdZlhjZ b l_f kZfuf kh_^bgyxl pbebg^j _]h k jZ[hq_c ihehklvx gZkhkZ.

JuqZ`hd k dZjZg^Zrhf kgh\Z ijb`bfZ_lky d [ZjZ[Zgm b ihke_ h^gh]h h[hjhlZ \ZeZ gZkhkZ, qlh khhl\_lkl\m_l ^\hcghfm oh^m ihjrgy, djZgbd ih\hjZqb\Z_lky, bg^bdZlhj hldexqZ_lky. AZl_f [mfZ]Z k gZg_k_gghc gZ g_c bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffhc kgbfZ_lky k [ZjZ[ZgZ.

< gZkhkZo ^\molj_o- b fgh]hihjrg_\uo (fgh]hiemg`_jguo) bg^bdZlhjgZy ^bZ]jZffZ kgbfZ_lky ^ey dZ`^hc jZ[hq_c dZf_ju.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1.Ih dhebq_kl\m \h^u V, ihklmib\r_c \ f_jguc hlk_d [ZdZ, b ^ebl_evghklb hiulZ t hij_^_ey_lky ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ Q = V / t.

2.Ih baf_j_gghc qZklhl_ \jZs_gby \ZeZ gZkhkZ (qbkem ^\hcguo oh^h\) n

b ih aZ^Zgguf agZq_gbyf ^bZf_ljh\ ihjrgy b rlhdZ, Z lZd`_ oh^Z ihjrgy k ihfhsvx nhjfmeu (30.3) ih^kqblu\Z_lky l_hj_lbq_kdZy ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ Ql.

3.Ih nhjfme_ (30.1) ih^kqblu\Z_lky h[t_fguc d.i.^. gZkhkZ 0 = Q / Ql.

4.Ih ihdZaZgbyf \Zdmmff_ljZ b fZghf_ljZ k ihfhsvx \ujZ`_gby (30.5)

hij_^_ey_lky ^Z\e_gb_ gZkhkZ j.

5. K ihfhsvx \ujZ`_gby (30.6) ih^kqblu\Z_lky ihe_agZy fhsghklv gZkhkZ Ni.

6. Ih nhjfme_ (30.17) ih^kqblu\Z_lky fhsghklv, ihlj_[ey_fZy kh[kl\_ggh gZkhkhf, beb fhsghklv gZ \Zem gZkhkZ N, ijb wlhf fhsghklv gZ \Zem we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey Nw hij_^_ey_lky ih ihlj_[ey_fhc bf we_dljbq_kdhc fhsghklb, nbdkbjm_fhc \Zllf_ljhf.

Qbke_ggu_ agZq_gby i_j \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl lbiZ i_j_^Zqb ijb\_^_gu \ur_, \ h[sbo k\_^_gbyo.

7. K ihfhsvx \ujZ`_gby (30.18) ih^kqblu\Z_lky d.i.^. gZkhkZ

<k_ j_amevlZlu baf_j_gbc b ih^kq_lh\ \ghkylky \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ]jZnu lZ[e.30.1.

314

Ih ihemq_gguf j_amevlZlZf baf_j_gbc b \uqbke_gbc kljhblky oZjZdl_jbklbdZ gZkhkZ, l._. ]jZnbq_kdZy k\yav f_`^m hkgh\gufb ihdZaZl_eyfb gZkhkZ Q – p, N – p, b – j.

Ih kgylhc ^ey h^gh]h beb g_kdhevdbo hiulh\ bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZff_ hij_^_eyxlky ke_^mxsb_ iZjZf_lju:

1)iehsZ^v ^bZ]jZffu S^ ;

2)^ebgZ ^bZ]jZffu l^ ;

3)kj_^gyy \ukhlZ ^bZ]jZffu hb ih \ujZ`_gbx (30.9);

4)k mq_lhf lZjbjh\hqgh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ k kj_^g__ bg^bdZlhjgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ jb ih \ujZ`_gbx (30.8);

5)]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc d.i.^. gZkhkZ ] ih \ujZ`_gbx (30.12);

6)bg^bdZlhjgZy fhsghklv Nb ih \ujZ`_gbx (30.7);

7)bg^bdZlhjguc d.i.^. b ih \ujZ`_gbx (30.10) b ^ey kjZ\g_gby ih \ujZ`_gbx (30.11).

<k_ j_amevlZlu h[jZ[hldb bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu k\h^ylky \ lZ[e.

30.2.

Ih \b^m kgylhc bg^bdZlhjghc ^bZ]jZffu ijhba\h^blky ZgZeba jZ[hlu gZkhkZ.

315

2. <_jlbdZevgh_ jZkklhygb_ f_`^m f_klZfb ih^dexq_gby fZghf_ljZ b \Zdmmff_ljZ z0=

3. Ijbgylh_ agZq_gb_ d.i.^. i_j_^Zqb i_j =