praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_06

359 ihklmiZ_l \ =F 6 b lhevdh ijb = 1, ijZdlbq_kdb \ky ih^ZqZ gZkhkZ 2 ijhoh^bl q_j_a =F 6. Ijb < 1 qZklv `b^dhklb, ih^Z\Z_fhc gZkhkhf 2 hl\h^blky q_j_a i_j_eb\ghc deZiZg 8 h[jZlgh \ ]b^jh[Zd 1 b g_ kh\_jrZ_l ihe_aghc jZ[hlu. I_j_dexq_gb_ jZkij_^_ebl_ey ba h^ghc jZ[hq_c ihabpbb \ ^jm]mx, khijh\h`^Z_fh_ j_\_jkhf \jZs_gby \ZeZ =F, hkms_kl\ey_lky k ihfhsvx dghihd 11 (\jZs_gb_ «<ijZ\h») b 12 (\jZs_gb_ «<e_\h»).

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.Hldju\Z_lky iheghklvx ijhoh^gh_ k_q_gb_ ^jhkk_ey 4 b mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky \_ebqbgZ dhwnnbpb_glZ = 1,0.

2.<dexqZ_lky h[sbc jm[bevgbd b gZ`bfZ_lky dghidZ «Imkd gZkhkZ».

3.<dexqZ_lky ]b^jhjZkij_^_ebl_ev 5 k ihfhsvx dghidb 11 (\jZs_gb_ «<ijZ\h»), qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_l \jZs_gb_ \ZeZ =F ih qZkh\hc klj_ed_.

4.Ih kq_lqbdm bfimevkh\ 9 hij_^_ey_lky qbkeh h[hjhlh\ N1 \ZeZ =F

ijb = 1,0.

5.Ihkl_i_gguf ijbdjulb_f ^jhkk_ey 4 aZ^Z_lky g_kdhevdh (5-6) m[u\Zxsbo agZq_gbc dhwnnbpb_glZ ( = 0,8; 0,6; 0,4; 0,2; 0) b ^ey dZ`^h]h ba gbo hij_^_ey_lky qbkeh h[hjhlh\ N1.

6.:gZeh]bqguf h[jZahf, ih\lhjyy i.i. 4,5, ijh\h^yl 5 – 6 hiulh\ ijb \jZs_gbb \ZeZ =F 6 \ ijhlb\hiheh`ghf gZijZ\e_gbb, qlh h[_ki_qb\Z_lky iml_f i_j_dexq_gby ]b^jhjZkij_^_ebl_ey 5 \ ^jm]mx jZ[hqmx ihabpbx k ihfhsvx dghidb 12 (\jZs_gb_ «<e_\h»).

7.Ihke_ \uiheg_gby jZ[hlu gZ`bfZ_lky dghidZ «Klhi gZkhkZ» b hldexqZ_lky h[sbc jm[bevgbd.

360

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. >ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ jZkkqblu\Z_lky qZklhlZ \jZs_gby \ZeZ =F

N = N1/T.

J_amevlZlu hiulh\ b jZkq_lh\ aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 35.

2. Ih ihemq_gguf ^Zgguf kljhylky ]jZnbdb NijZ\ = F1( ) b Ne_\ = F2( ); NijZ\ b Ne_\ – qZklhlu \jZs_gby \ZeZ =F khhl\_lkl\_ggh \ ijZ\hf (ih qZkh\hc) b e_\hf (ijhlb\ qZkh\hc) gZijZ\e_gbyo \jZs_gby.

LZ[ebpZ hiulguo ^Zgguo

LZ[ebpZ 35

361

EBL?J:LMJ:

1. :evlrmev >.:. =b^jZ\ebq_kdb_ khijhlb\e_gby. – F.: G_^jZ, 1982.

- 224 k.

2.:jamfZgh\ W.K. DZ\blZpby \ f_klguo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo khijhlb\e_gbyo.

– F.: Wg_j]by, 1978. – 385 k.

3.:klZnbq_\Z L.G. b ^j. EZ[hjZlhjgu_ jZ[hlu ih dmjkm ]b^jZ\ebdb (^ey klm^_glh\ ]b^jhl_ogbq_kdh]h n – lZ). – E.: E_gbg]jZ^kdbc ihebl_og. bg

– l bf. F.B. DZebgbgZ, 1972. – 124 k.

4.G.;. ;Zjurgbdh\, B.<. Ihih\. >bgZfbdZ jmkeh\uo ihlhdh\ b jmkeh\u_ ijhp_kku. – E.: =b^jhf_l_hba^Zl, 1988. – 155 k.

5.Y.F. <bevg_j, Y.L. Dh\Ze_\, ;.;.G_djZkh\. KijZ\hqgh_ ihkh[b_ ih ]b^jZ\ebd_, ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbf fZrbgZf b ]b^jhijb\h^Zf. – Fbgkd.: <urwcrZy rdheZ, 1986. – 420 k.

6.<bglh\u_ dhfij_kkhjgu_ fZrbgu: KijZ\hqgbd / I.?. :fhkh\ b ^j. – F.: FZrbghkljh_gb_, 1977. – 223 k.

7.=b^jZ\ebdZ, ]b^jhfZrbgu b ]b^jhijb\h^u / L.F. ;ZrlZ, K.K. Jm^g_\, ;.;. G_djZkh\ – F.: FZrbghkljh_gb_, 1982. – 422 k.

8.=b^jZ\ebq_kdb_ jZkq_lu \h^hk[jhkguo ]b^jhl_ogbq_kdbo khhjm`_gbc. KijZ\hqgh_ ihkh[b_. – F.: Wg_j]hZlhfba^Zl, 1988. 624k.

9.=b^jhig_\fhZ\lhfZlbdZ b ]b^jhijb\h^ fh[bevguo fZrbg. H[t_fgu_ ]b^jh – b ig_\fhfZrbgu b i_j_^Zqb: Mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ ^ey \mah\ / :.N. :g^j__\, E.<.;Zjlhr_\bq, G.<. ;h]^Zg b ^j./ Ih^ j_^. <.<. =mkvdh\Z. – F.: <ukrZy rdheZ, 1987. – 310 k.

10.=b^jhl_ogbq_kdb_ khhjm`_gby. KijZ\hqgbd ijh_dlbjh\sbdZ. - F.: Kljhcba^Zl, 1983 . – 544 k.

11. I.<. =hj^__\, <.:. R_f_ebgZ, H.D. Rmeydh\Z. Jmdh\h^kl\h d ijZdlbq_kdbf aZgylbyf ih ]b^jh]_heh]bb. – F.: <ukrZy rdheZ, 1981. – 152 k.

362

12. >jm`bgbg G.B. F_lh^ we_dljh]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdbo ZgZeh]bc b _]h ijbf_g_gb_ ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb nbevljZpbb. F. – E.: =hkwg_j]hba^Zl,

1956. – 347 k.

13.B^_evqbd B.?. KijZ\hqgbd ih ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbf khijhlb\e_gbyf/ih^ j_^. F.H.Rl_cg[_j]Z. –3 ba^ .- F.:FZrbghkljh_gb_ 1992.- 671k.

14.DhgklZglbgh\ G.F. =b^jheh]by b ]b^jhf_ljby. - F.: <ukrZy rdheZ,

1980. – 215 k.

15.G.F.DhgklZglbgh\, G.:. I_ljh\, E.B.<ukhpdbc. =b^jZ\ebdZ, ]b^jheh]by, ]b^jhf_ljby. QZklv 2. - F.: <ukrZy rdheZ, 1987. – 431 k.

16.Dmag_ph\ K.D. L_hjby b ]b^jZ\ebq_kdb_ jZkq_lu gb`g_]h [v_nZ. – Ev\h\.: <bsZ rdheZ, 1983. – 175 k.

17.EZ[hjZlhjgu_ jZ[hlu ih ]b^jhl_ogbq_kdbf khhjm`_gbyf / Ih^ j_^. G.I. JhaZgh\Z. – F.: :]jhijhfba^Zl, 1989. – 182 k.

18.EZ[hjZlhjgu_ jZ[hlu (ijZdlbdmf) ih h[t_fguf ]b^jh- b ig_\fhfZrbgZf b i_j_^ZqZf. / G.<. ;h]^Zg, N.D. DjZ\_p, B.:. FZdh\kdZy. – Fbgkd.: ;GLM, 2001. – 102 k.

19.EZ[hjZlhjguc dmjk ]b^jZ\ebdb, gZkhkh\ b ]b^jhi_j_^Zq / Ih^ j_^. K.K. Jm^g_\Z b E.=. Ih^\b^aZ. – F.: FZrbghkljh_gb_, 1974. – 410 k.

20.EZ[hjZlhjguc ijZdlbdmf ih ]b^jZ\ebd_. / Ih^ j_^. Y.L. Dh\Ze_\Z b Y.F. <bevg_jZ. – Fg.: Ba^ –\h fbgbkl_jkl\Z \ukr_]h, kj_^g_]h, ki_pbZevgh]h b ijhn_kkbhgZevgh]h h[jZah\Zgby ;KKJ, 1961. – 130 k.

21.EZ[hjZlhjguc ijZdlbdmf ih ]b^jZ\ebd_ b ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbf fZrbgZf.

./Ih^ j_^. Y.L. Dh\Ze_\Z b Y.F. <bevg_jZ. – Fg.: <urwcrZy rdheZ,

1967. – 184 k.

22. EZ[hjZlhjguc ijZdlbdmf ih ]b^jZ\ebd_, ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbf fZrbgZf b ]b^jhijb\h^Zf. / Ih^ j_^. Y.F. <bevg_jZ. – Fg.: <urwcrZy rdheZ, 1980. – 224 k.

23. Eh\dbk A.<. =b^jhijb\h^ k_evkdhohayckl\_gghc l_ogbdb. Dhgkljmdpby b jZkq_l. – F.: :]jhijhfba^Zl, 1990. – 239 k.

363

24.EhflZ^a_ <.>. F_lh^u eZ[hjZlhjguo bkke_^h\Zgbc nbabdh – f_oZgbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ]hjguo ihj^. (Jmdh\h^kl\h d eZ[hjZlhjguf aZgylbyf ih bg`_g_jghc ]_heh]bb). – E.: G_^jZ, 1972. – 312 k.

25.F_^\_^_\ <.N. =b^jZ\ebdZ b ]b^jZ\ebq_kdb_ fZrbgu. – Fg.: <urwcrZy rdheZ, 1998. – 450 k.

26.F_oZgbdZ `b^dhklb b ]ZaZ. EZ[hjZlhjguc ijZdlbdmf. / ;.:. >_j]Zq_\Z b ^j.. – KI[.: Ba^ – \h KI[]lm, 1997. – 48 k.

27.I_jgbd :.>. Ijh[e_fu dZ\blZpbb. – E.: Km^hkljh_gb_, 1966. – 439 k.

28.;. B. Iylb]hjkdZy, :.B.Kfheyd. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ f_lh^hf W=>: h[l_dZgby l_e iehkdbf ihlhdhf. – F.: FWB, 1975. – 50 k.

29.J_dhf_g^Zpbb ih ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhfm jZkq_lm \h^hkeb\h\. QZklv 1. Ijyfu_ \h^hkeb\u. – E.: Wg_j]by, 1974. – 98 k.

30.KijZ\hqgbd ih ]b^jZ\ebd_. / Ih^ j_^. <.G. ;hevrZdh\Z. – Db_\.: <bsZ rdheZ, 1984. – 344 k.

31.KijZ\hqgbd ih ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbf jZkq_lZf. / Ih^ j_^. I.=. Dbk_e_\Z. –

F.: Wg_j]by, 1974. – 320 k.

32.Kq_lqbd dhebq_kl\Z `b^dhkl_c 2 – K<RK – 25. Jmdh\h^kl\h ih

fhglZ`m b wdkiemZlZpbb. Hj_e.:Hjeh\kdZy ba^Zl_evkdZy ]jmiiZ, 1967. –

20k.

33.I.N. NbevqZdh\, <.B. IZgqbrbg. Bgl_]jZlhju W=>:. Fh^_ebjh\Zgb_ ihl_gpbZevguo ihe_c gZ we_dljhijh\h^ghc [mfZ]_. – Db_\.: Ba^ – \h :G MKKJ, 1961. – 172 k.

34.Q_jlhmkh\ F.>. =b^jZ\ebdZ. Ki_pbZevguc dmjk. – F. – E.: =hkwg_j]hba^Zl, 1962. – 630 k.

35.Qm]Z_\ J.J. =b^jZ\ebdZ. – E.: Wg_j]by 1982. – 672 k.

36.Rl_j_gebol >.<. =b^jZ\ebdZ. < 2 – o dg. Dg. 2. – F.: Wg_j]hZlhfba^Zl,

1991. – 368 k.

364

KH>?J@:GB?

klj.

Ij_^bkeh\b_ ………………………………………………………… 3

JZ[hlZ 1. Hij_^_e_gb_ \yadhklb `b^dhklb ………………………. 6 JZ[hlZ 2. Hij_^_e_gb_ nhjfu k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb

\ jZ\ghf_jgh \jZsZxs_fky \hdjm] \_jlbdZevghc hkb pbebg^jbq_kdhf khkm^_ ……………………………………………………………… 18

JZ[hlZ 3. Bamq_gb_ j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby `b^dhklb ………………. 25 JZ[hlZ 4. Ihkljh_gb_ ivahf_ljbq_kdhc b gZihjghc ebgbb

^ey ljm[hijh\h^Z i_j_f_ggh]h k_q_gby ………………………………… 33 JZ[hlZ 5. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ jZkoh^Z ljm[u

<_glmjb ……………………………………………………………………. 41

JZ[hlZ 6. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h

lj_gby ijb ^\b`_gbb `b^dhklb \ ljm[hijh\h^_ ……………………….. 49 JZ[hlZ 7. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glh\ f_klguo ihl_jv ………… 61 JZ[hlZ 8. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ ihe_agh]h ^_ckl\by

]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h lZjZgZ …………………………………………………… 70

JZ[hlZ 9. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ bkl_q_gby q_j_a fZeu_ hl\_jklby

\ lhgdhc kl_gd_ b q_j_a gZkZ^db …………………………………………..76 JZ[hlZ 10. Baf_j_gb_ f_klguo kdhjhkl_c ]b^jh^bgZfb-

q_kdhc ljm[dhc P:=B …………………………………………………….. 87

JZ[hlZ 11. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ r_jhoh\Zlhklb \

dZgZe_ …………………………………………………………………......... 97

JZ[hlZ 12. Bamq_gb_ kh\_jr_ggh]h ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h

iju`dZ \ ijyfhm]hevghf ]hjbahglZevghf ehld_ ………………………. 106 JZ[hlZ 13. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ jZkoh^Z ijyfh-

m]hevgh]h \h^hkeb\Z k lhgdhc kl_gdhc ………………………………….. 122 JZ[hlZ 14. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ jZkoh^Z \h^hkeb\Z

365

ijZdlbq_kdh]h ijhnbey …………………………………………………… 131

JZ[hlZ 15. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ bkl_q_gby q_j_a \h^hkeb\ k

rbjhdbf ihjh]hf [_a [hdh\h]h k`Zlby …………………………………. 139 JZ[hlZ 16. Khijy`_gb_ [v_nh\ ijb i_j_eb\_ q_j_a iehlbgm

k mklmihf …………………………………………………………………… 160

JZ[hlZ 17. Bkl_q_gb_ `b^dhklb ba-ih^ aZl\hjZ ……………………169

JZ[hlZ 18. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb \h^u

gZ [ukljhlhd_ ……………………………………………………………… 177

JZ[hlZ 19. Bamq_gb_ ^\b`_gby \h^u \ ij_^_eZo ^\moklmi_gqZlh]h i_j_iZ^Z dheh^_agh]h lbiZ b ijh\_jdZ mkeh\bc khhl\_lkl\by fh^_eb khhjm`_gby ijhimkdZ_fhfm jZkoh^m \h^gh]h

ihlhdZ ………………………………………………………………………. 187

JZ[hlZ 20. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ nbevljZpbb

i_kqZgh]h ]jmglZ …………………………………………………………… 206

JZ[hlZ 21. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ iehkdhc gZihjghc nbevljZpbb ijb eZfbgZjghf mklZgh\b\r_fky ^\b`_gbb ih^ hkgh\Zgb_f

]b^jhl_ogbq_kdh]h khhjm`_gby f_lh^hf W=>: ……………………….. 215 JZ[hlZ 22. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ [_kpbjdmeyjgh]h h[l_dZgby l_eZ

iehkdbf ihl_gpbZevguf ihlhdhf f_lh^hf W=>: ………………………233

JZ[hlZ 23. Bkke_^h\Zgb_ h[l_dZgby l_eZ ijb gZebqbb

pbjdmeypbb iehkdbf b ihl_gpbZevguf ihlhdhf f_lh^hf W=>: ……... 247 JZ[hlZ 24. Ihkljh_gb_ Zwjh^bgZfbq_kdhc l_gb a^Zgbc …………. 254 JZ[hlZ 25. Hij_^_e_gb_ ihl_jv ^Z\e_gby \ ]Zahijh\h^_ ………… 260 JZ[hlZ 26. IZjZf_ljbq_kdb_ bkiulZgby p_gljh[_`gh]h

gZkhkZ ………………………………………………………………………. 266

JZ[hlZ 27. DZ\blZpbhggu_ bkiulZgby p_gljh[_`gh]h

gZkhkZ ………………………………………………………………………. 276

JZ[hlZ 28. Bamq_gb_ y\e_gby dZ\blZpbb \ ]b^jhkbkl_fZo ………. 282 JZ[hlZ 29. Hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ ihe_agh]h ^_ckl\by

\h^hkljmcgh]h gZkhkZ …………………………………………………….. 288

366

JZ[hlZ 30. IZjZf_ljbq_kdb_ bkiulZgby ihjrg_\h]h gZkhkZ …… 296 JZ[hlZ 31. Bamq_gb_ dhgkljmdpbb jhlhjguo gZkhkh\ b

hij_^_e_gb_ bo jZ[hq_]h h[t_fZ ………………………………………… 315 JZ[hlZ 32. IZjZf_ljbq_kdb_ bkiulZgby r_kl_j_ggh]h

gZkhkZ ………………………………………………………………………. 330

JZ[hlZ 33. BkiulZgby h[t_fgh]h ]b^jhijb\h^Z ihklmiZl_evgh]h ^\b`_gby k ^jhkk_evguf kihkh[hf j_]mebjh\Zgby

kdhjhklb \uoh^gh]h a\_gZ ………………………………………………… 334 JZ[hlZ 34. BkiulZgby ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdbo i_j_^Zq (=>I) ……… 342 JZ[hlZ 35. BkiulZgby ZdkbZevgh-ihjrg_\h]h ]b^jhfhlhjZ

=: 15-24 ……………………………………………………………………. 354

Ebl_jZlmjZ ……………………………………………………………360

:\lhju:

;hgq-Hkfheh\kdZy GZ^_`^Z ?\]_gv_\gZ, AZyp :ggZ FboZceh\gZ, B\Zr_qdbg <eZ^bfbj <Zkbev_\bq, DZji_gqmd B]hjv <Zkbev_\bq, DZqZgh\ B]hjv <eZ^bfbjh\bq, Dhaeh\ >fbljbc :e_dk__\bq, Dhg^jZlh\bq :e_dkZg^j GbdheZ_\bq, Dmaf_gdh\ <Zkbebc B\Zgh\bq, E_^yg Xjbc IZ\eh\bq, G_^[Zevkdbc <bd_glbc DhgklZglbgh\bq, RZlZeh\ B]hjv FboZceh\bq, Rmevibg B]hjv :e_dkZg^jh\bq, Xogh\_p <eZ^bfbj GbdheZ_\bq

E:;HJ:LHJGUC IJ:DLBDMF IH F?O:GBD? @B>DHKLB B =:A:

J_^Zdlhj L.G.Fbdmebd. Dhfivxl_jgZy \_jkldZ F.F.Fbogh\_p

Ba^Zl_ev b iheb]jZnbq_kdh_ bkiheg_gb_: ;_ehjmkkdbc GZpbhgZevguc L_ogbq_kdbc Mgb\_jkbl_l EB ‹02330/0056957 hl 01.04.2004.

220013, Fbgkd, ijhki_dl N.Kdhjbgu, 65