praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_01

82

& – iehsZ^v gZkZ^dZ gZ \uoh^_. DZ`^uc gZkZ^hd \ ahg_ d\Z^jZlbqgh]h khijhlb\e_gby bf__l ihklhyggu_ qbke_ggu_ agZq_gby dhwnnbpb_glh\ P, M, 0 b

], hlg_k_ggu_ d \uoh^ghfm k_q_gbx gZkZ^dh\. AgZq_gby wlbo dhwnnbpb_glh\ ijb\h^ylky \ mq_[ghc b kijZ\hqghc ebl_jZlmj_.

JZkkfhljbf bkl_q_gb_ `b^dhklb ba \g_rg_]h pbebg^jbq_kdh]h gZkZ^dZ – gZkZ^dZ <_glmjb (jbk. 9.2).

Jbk. 9.2

>ebgZ lZdh]h gZkZ^dZ gZoh^blky \ ij_^_eZo (3,5-4)d ” lg ” ~ (6-7)d. Kljmy gZ \oh^_ \ gZkZ^hd k`bfZ_lky, dZd b ijb bkl_q_gbb q_j_a hl\_jklb_ \ lhgdhc kl_gd_,

^Ze__ (ijb ^hklZlhqghc ^ebg_ gZkZ^dZ) kljmy jZkrbjy_lky b \ul_dZ_l iheguf k_q_gb_f. K`Zlmx ahgm ljZgablghc kljmb ho\Zlu\Zxl \h^h\hjhlgu_ h[eZklb.

?keb kljmy \ul_dZ_l \ kj_^m k Zlfhkn_jguf ^Z\e_gb_f, lh \ ahg_ k`Zlby kljmb mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky (kh]eZkgh mjZ\g_gbx ;_jgmeeb) Z[khexlgh_ ^Z\e_gb_, f_gvr__ Zlfhkn_jgh]h, l._. \Zdmmf, lZd dZd kdhjhklv bkl_q_gby ba gZkZ^dZ f_gvr_ kdhjhklb \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb. <Zdmmf fh`gh aZf_jblv `b^dhklguf \Zdmmff_ljhf, ih^dexq_gguf d k`Zlhc ahg_ kljmb, ijbq_f h\Zd § 0,74G.

83

>ey gZkZ^dZ <_glmjb hiulZfb hij_^_e_gu \ ahg_ d\Z^jZlbqgh]h khijhlb\e_gby qbke_ggu_ agZq_gby dhwnnbpb_glh\: Pg = Mg = 0,82; 0g = 1; ]g

=0,5. KjZ\g_gb_ mdZaZgguo dhwnnbpb_glh\ ^ey gZkZ^db b hl\_jklby ihdZau\Z_l, qlh kdhjhklv bkl_q_gby ba gZkZ^dZ f_gvr_, q_f ba hl\_jklby (Mg <M), aZ kq_l \hajhkr_]h khijhlb\e_gby \ gZkZ^d_ (] >]g ), gh jZkoh^ q_j_a gZkZ^hd <_glmjb \k_ `_ [hevr_ jZkoh^Z q_j_a hl\_jklb_ (Pg > P). Wlh h[tykgy_lky hlkmlkl\b_f k`Zlby kljmb gZ \uoh^_ ba gZkZ^dZ (0g = 1) b g_dhlhjuf m\_ebq_gb_f kdhjhklb \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb ba-aZ ih^kZku\Zxs_]h \ebygby \ZdmmfZ.

Bkl_q_gb_ q_j_a hl\_jklby b gZkZ^db ijb i_j_f_gghf gZihj_ hlghkblky d g_mklZgh\b\r_fmky ^\b`_gbx b gZoh^bl ijbf_g_gb_ ijb hij_^_e_gbb \j_f_gb qZklbqgh]h beb ihegh]h hihjh`g_gby jZaebqguo _fdhkl_c (rexah\uo dZf_j, pbkl_jg, khkm^h\).

L_hj_lbq_kdZy nhjfmeZ ^ey hij_^_e_gby \j_f_gb qZklbqgh]h hihjh`g_gby ijbafZlbq_kdh]h j_a_j\mZjZ (jbk. 9.3) bf__l \b^

]^_ – iehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby j_a_j\mZjZ; G1 b G2 – gZqZevguc b dhg_qguc gZihju.

<j_fy ihegh]h hihjh`g_gby hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_ (9.13) ijb mkeh\bb

G2 = 0.

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

<h^Z p_gljh[_`guf gZkhkhf 1 (jbk. 9.4) ih ljm[_ 3 ih^Z_lky \ gZihjguc [Zd 5, \ kl_gd_ dhlhjh]h k^_eZg ki_pbZevguc djm]euc \uj_a 8 k j_av[hc. < wlhf \uj_a_ k ihfhsvx j_av[h\h]h kh_^bg_gby dj_iylky kt_fgu_ ^bkdb k jZaebqgufb bkke_^m_fufb hl\_jklbyfb beb gZkZ^dZfb. Hl\_jklb_ fh`_l i_j_dju\Zlvky

84

ih\hjhlguf deZiZghf 7. JZkoh^ ihklmiZxs_c \ [Zd \h^u j_]mebjm_lky aZ^\b`dhc 2. >ey ih^^_j`Zgby \ [Zd_ ihklhyggh]h gZihjZ G kem`bl ljm[Z

Jbk. 9.3

ohehklh]h k[jhkZ 6. GZihj baf_jy_lky iv_ahf_ljhf 4. Hij_^_e_gb_ jZkoh^Z kljmb ijhba\h^blky k ihfhsvx f_jgh]h [ZqdZ 9, mklZgh\e_ggh]h \f_kl_ k \_kZfb gZ ih^\b`ghc ieZlnhjf_ 10. >ey baf_j_gby dhhj^bgZl p_gljZ ijhba\hevgh]h k_q_gby kljmb kem`bl dhhj^bgZlgbd 11, khklhysbc ba ]hjbahglZevghc b ih^\b`ghc \_jlbdZevghc j__d k ^_e_gbyfb, gmev dhlhjuo khhl\_lkl\m_l p_gljm k`Zlh]h k_q_gby kljmb.

Jbk. 9.4

85

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.< \uj_a_ 8 mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ^bkd k djm]euf hl\_jklb_f b i_j_dju\Z_lky ih\hjhlguf deZiZghf 7.

2.<dexqZ_lky p_gljh[_`guc gZkhk 1 b hldju\Z_lky aZ^\b`dZ 2 gZ ljm[_ 3,

ih dhlhjhc \h^Z ihklmiZ_l \ gZihjguc [Zd 5.

3. Ihke_ gZiheg_gby gZihjgh]h [ZdZ b mklZgh\e_gby \ g_f ihklhyggh]h gZihjZ G, ijb dhlhjhf ijhbkoh^bl keb\ g_[hevrh]h h[t_fZ \h^u ih ljm[_ ohehklh]h k[jhkZ 6, hldju\Zxl deZiZg 7, b ba hl\_jklby \ul_dZ_l kljmy, iZ^ZxsZy ih iZjZ[hebq_kdhc ljZ_dlhjbb \ \h^hh[hjhlguc [Zkk_cg.

4. Ih iv_ahf_ljm 4 baf_jy_lky gZihj G b k ihfhsvx dhhj^bgZlgbdZ 11 hij_^_eyxlky dhhj^bgZlu o b m \ lj_o ijhba\hevguo k_q_gbyo kljmb.

5. >ey ih^kq_lZ jZkoh^Z Q hij_^_ey_lky \_k \h^u (h[t_f \ ebljZo), ihklmib\r_c \ f_jguc [Zqhd 9 aZ \j_fy t. Baf_j_gb_ jZkoh^Z ijhba\h^blky ljb jZaZ.

6.Hl\_jklb_ i_j_dju\Z_lky ih\hjhlguf deZiZghf 7 b \ \uj_a_ 8 \f_klh ^bkdZ k hl\_jklb_f aZdj_iey_lky ^bkd k gZkZ^dhf <_glmjb. AZl_f baf_jyxlky gZihj, jZkoh^ (dZd ijb bkl_q_gbb ba hl\_jklby) b \Zdmmf \ gZkZ^d_ k ihfhsvx `b^dhklgh]h \Zdmmff_ljZ.

7.Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ^Zggu_ \ghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 9.1.

86

LZ[ebpZ 9.1

Ijbf_qZgby: >bZf_lj hl\_jklby beb gZkZ^dZ d =

IehsZ^v k_q_gby hl\_jklby beb gZkZ^dZ & =

IehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby gZihjgh]h [ZdZ =

<_k f_jgh]h [ZqdZ [_a \h^u G =

GZihj G =

8.>ey gZ[ex^_gby bg\_jkbb kljmb b bkl_q_gby ba jZaebqguo gZkZ^dh\ \ gZihjghf [Zd_ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky kt_fgu_ ^bkdb k hl\_jklbyfb jZaebqgh]h hq_jlZgby b gZkZ^dZfb jZaebqguo lbih\.

9.AZdju\Z_lky aZ^\b`dZ 2 b \udexqZ_lky gZkhk, ijb wlhf gZqbgZ_lky bkl_q_gb_ `b^dhklb ba [ZdZ ijb i_j_f_gghf gZihj_.

10.Ijb gZqZevghf gZihj_ G1, hij_^_ey_fhf ih iv_ahf_ljm 4, \dexqZ_lky k_dmg^hf_j. Ihke_ iZ^_gby gZihjZ gZ 15-20 kf nbdkbjm_lky dhg_qguc gZihj G2 b \udexqZ_lky k_dmg^hf_j. <j_fy, ihdZaZggh_ k_dmg^hf_jhf, _klv hiulgh_ \j_fy

bkl_q_gby ba ijbafZlbq_kdh]h [ZdZ h[t_fZ \h^u V : H1 H2 . < lhc `_

87

ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb ijh\h^ylky _s_ ^\Z hiulZ ijb ihgb`Zxs_fky mjh\g_ \h^u \

[Zd_. Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ^Zggu_ aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 9.3.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Ih kj_^gbf agZq_gbyf jZkoh^Z Q, dhhj^bgZl o b m, ihevamykv nhjfmeZfb

(9.5), (9.10), (9.11) b (9.12), ih^kqblu\Zxl dhwnnbpb_glu jZkoh^Z, kdhjhklb,

k`Zlby b khijhlb\e_gby ^ey fZeh]h hl\_jklby b ^ey gZkZ^dZ <_glmjb; ^ey

ihke_^g_]h hij_^_ey_lky lZd`_ hlghr_gb_ h\Zd H . Ihemq_ggu_ agZq_gby

aZibku\Zxlky \ lZ[ebpm 9.2 b khihklZ\eyxlky kh kijZ\hqgufb ^Zggufb.

2. >ey lj_o hiulh\ ih aZf_j_gguf gZihjZf G1 b G2 b nhjfme_ (9.13)

\uqbkeyxl l_hj_lbq_kdh_ \j_fy bkl_q_gby tl b hij_^_eyxl ijhp_glgh_ jZkoh`^_gb_ f_`^m thi b tl ih \ujZ`_gbx

J_amevlZlu \uqbke_gbc aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 9.3.

J:;HL: 10

BAF?J?GB? IJH>HEVGUO KDHJHKL?C =B>JH>BG:FBQ?KDHC

LJM;DHC P:=B

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. Baf_jblv hkj_^g_ggu_ f_klgu_ ijh^hevgu_ kdhjhkl_c \

g_kdhevdbo lhqdZo kdhjhklghc \_jlbdZeb \ hldjulhf ihlhd_ (ehld_) ljm[dhc

P:=B.

2.JZkkqblZlv b ihkljhblv wixjm jZkij_^_e_gby f_klguo ijh^hevguo kdhjhkl_c ih ]em[bg_ ihlhdZ.

3.Ijhba\_klb kjZ\g_gb_ b ZgZeba ihemq_gguo j_amevlZlh\.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Hkj_^g_gghc f_klghc ijh^hevghc kdhjhklvx u gZau\Z_lky \hh[jZ`Z_fZy ijh^hevgZy (ih hlghr_gbx d ihlhdm) f_klgZy kdhjhklv (g_baf_ggZy \h \j_f_gb ^ey mklZgh\b\r_]hky ^\b`_gby), \_ebqbgZ dhlhjhc (^ey ^Zgghc g_ih^\b`ghc lhqdb ijhkljZgkl\Z, aZgylh]h lmj[me_glguf ihlhdhf) mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky dZd kj_^g__ \h \j_f_gb agZq_gb_ imevkbjmxs_c ijh^hevghc ZdlmZevghc kdhjhklb \

P:=B – P_gljZevguc :wjh^bgZfbq_kdbc bgklblml bf_gb G.?.@mdh\kdh]h

89

jZkkfZljb\Z_fhc lhqd_ ijhkljZgkl\Z. (< ^Zevg_cr_f baeh`_gbb ^ey mijhs_gby aZibkb q_jlZ gZ^ u g_ ibr_lky).

GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_ggufb ijb[hjZfb ^ey baf_j_gby hkj_^g_gguo f_klguo ijh^hevguo kdhjhkl_c y\eyxlky: Z) ]b^jhf_ljbq_kdb_ \_jlmrdb

(@_klh\kdh]h, ;mjp_\Z b ^j.); [) ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdb_ ljm[db (Iblh, IjZg^ley,

P:=B, J_[hdZ, Ehkb_\kdh]h b ^j.).

K ihfhsvx ]b^jhf_ljbq_kdbo \_jlmr_d kdhjhklv l_q_gby `b^dhklb hij_^_ey_lky ih qbkem h[hjhlh\ \ _^bgbpm \j_f_gb \bglZ beb jZ[hq_]h dhe_kZ,

\jZsZxs_]hky ih^ ^_ckl\b_f ihlhdZ `b^dhklb. (Ih^jh[gh ]b^jhf_ljbq_kdb_ \_jlmrdb hibku\Zxlky \ dmjkZo ]b^jhf_ljbb [13].)

Ijhkl_cr_c ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc ljm[dhc y\ey_lky lZd gZau\Z_fZy

«dhf[bgbjh\ZggZy ljm[dZ Iblh», gZau\Z_fZy bgh]^Z ijb[hjhf Iblh. HgZ ij_^klZ\ey_l hldjulmx k h[hbo dhgph\ \_jlbdZevgmx ljm[dm I g_[hevrh]h ^bZf_ljZ (jbk. 10.1), gb`gbc dhg_p dhlhjhc dhgmkgh km`_g, hlh]gml ih^ ijyfuf m]ehf ijhlb\ l_q_gby; ij_\ur_gb_ mjh\gy `b^dhklb \ ljm[d_ I gZ^ mjh\g_f `b^dhklb \ ljm[d_ II, ij_^klZ\eyxs_c kh[hc h[uqguc iv_ahf_lj, ^Z_l \_ebqbgm, ijbf_jgh jZ\gmx kdhjhklghfm gZihjm G, l._.

Jbk. 10.1

90

LZdbf h[jZahf, aZnbdkbjh\Z\ agZq_gb_ G, fh`gh ih^kqblZlv ijbf_jgmx \_ebqbgm hkj_^g_gghc f_klghc ijh^hevghc kdhjhklb

>ey mq_lZ \ebygby nhjfu ljm[db b mkeh\bc h[l_dZgby `b^dhklvx __ hlh]gmlh]h dhgpZ \ \ujZ`_gb_ (10.2) \\h^blky ihijZ\hqguc dhwnnbpb_gl 3, hij_^_ey_fuc wdki_jbf_glZevguf iml_f (lZjbjh\dhc ljm[db) b ijb[ebabl_evgh jZ\guc 1 – 1,04. Lh]^Z

< ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdbo ljm[dZo Ehkb_\kdh]h, P:=B, IjZg^ley, J_[hdZ b ^j. khq_lZxlky hibkZggu_ \ur_ ljm[db I b II. >ey hij_^_e_gby jZaghklb mjh\g_c \ gbo, beb, qlh jZ\ghkbevgh, jZaghklb ^Z\e_gbc, ijbf_gyxlky ih^dexq_ggu_ d gbf fbdjhfZghf_lju.

IjbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ ljm[db P:=B ij_^klZ\e_gZ gZ jbk. 10.2.

Hlh]gmluc dhg_p ljm[db (fmg^rlmd) bf__l h[l_dZ_fmx nhjfm b khklhbl ba ^\mo ljm[hd jZaebqgh]h ^bZf_ljZ, dhgp_gljbqgh \klZ\e_gguo h^gZ \ ^jm]mx.

<gmlj_ggyy ljm[dZ kh_^bgy_l lhjp_\h_ hl\_jklb_ 1 fmg^rlmdZ k ljm[dhc 3;

\g_rgyy ljm[dZ 4 k\yau\Z_l [hdh\u_ hl\_jklby 2 \ fmg^rlmd_ k ljm[dhc 5.

Ljm[db 3 b 5 k ihfhsvx j_abgh\uo reZg]h\ kh_^bgyxlky k fbdjhfZghf_ljZfb 6.

FbdjhfZghf_lju khklhyl ba khh[sZxsboky f_`^m kh[hc kl_deygguo ljm[hd, ijbdj_ie_gguo d a_jdZevghfm sbldm, ih^\b`gh]h \hehkygh]h \babjZ k emiZfb b rdZeu k ghgbmkhf (gZ jbkmgd_ g_ ihdZaZgu), qlh iha\hey_l hlkqblu\Zlv mjh\gb \ kl_deygguo ljm[dZo k lhqghklvx ^h 0,1 ff.

H[uqgh \ hldjuluo ihlhdZo hkj_^g_ggu_ f_klgu_ ijh^hevgu_ kdhjhklb ih \_jlbdZeb baf_jyxlky \ iylb lhqdZo: gZ k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb, gZ ]em[bgZo 0,2 h, 0,6 h, 0,8 h hl ih\_joghklb b m ^gZ ihlhdZ (jbk. 10.3, Z). Ih j_amevlZlZf

91

lhq_qgh]h aZf_jZ kdhjhkl_c fh`gh ihkljhblv wixjm hkj_^g_gguo f_klguo ijh^hevguo kdhjhkl_c (jbk. 10.3, [) (gZijbf_j ih 5 lhqdZf).

Jbk. 10.2

Jbk. 10.3