praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_01

32

>ey \bamZebaZpbb j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby \ mklZgh\d_ bkihevam_lky k\_leuc wdjZg 14, kfhglbjh\Zgguc aZ kl_deygghc ljm[dhc 2, l_fi_jZlmjZ \h^u \ [Zd_ hij_^_ey_lky l_jfhf_ljhf 15. >ey baf_j_gby jZkoh^Z bkihevam_lky we_dljbq_kdbc jhlZf_lj 16. <h^Z ihke_ ijh\_^_gby wdki_jbf_glh\ ihklmiZ_l \ j_a_j\mZj 17, k\yaZgguc kh keb\ghc ljm[hc 13.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1. Hldjulb_f \_glbey 11 gZ ljm[hijh\h^_ 10 h[_ki_qb\Z_lky g_h[oh^bfuc djm]h\hjhl \h^u b ih^^_j`Zgb_ __ ihklhyggh]h mjh\gy \ gZihjghf [Zd_.

2.QZklbqguf hldjulb_f djZgZ 3 mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky g_[hevrhc jZkoh^ \ kl_deygghc ljm[d_ 2.

3.Ihke_ hldjulby djZgZ 6 ih ih\_^_gbx ih^djZrb\Zxs_c `b^dhklb m[_^blvky \ gZebqbb eZfbgZjgh]h j_`bfZ ^\b`_gby.

4.Hij_^_eblv h[t_fguc jZkoh^ \h^u k ihfhsvx jhlZf_ljZ 16.

5.Ihkl_i_ggh m\_ebqb\Zy djZghf 3 jZkoh^ \h^u \ ljm[d_ 2 ijh\_klb 4- 5 hiulh\ ijb eZfbgZjghf j_`bf_ ^\b`_gby.

6.MklZgh\blv djZghf 3 jZkoh^, khhl\_lkl\mxsbc fhf_glm ihy\e_gby imevkZpbc, \hegbklhklb, \boj_h[jZah\Zgbc gZ kljmcd_ ih^djZrb\Zxs_c `b^dhklb. Ih jhlZf_ljm hij_^_eblv jZkoh^, khhl\_lkl\mxsbc fhf_glm kf_gu j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby.

7.M\_ebqb\Zy hldjulb_ djZgZ 3 mklZgh\blv lmj[me_glguc j_`bf ^\b`_gby k bgl_gkb\guf i_j_f_rb\Zgb_f ih^djZrb\Zxs_c `b^dhklb k ihlhdhf \h^u \ ljm[d_ 2. Ijb wlhf j_`bf_ ^\b`_gby ijh\_klb 4-5 hiulh\ k h^gh\j_f_gguf baf_j_gb_f jZkoh^Z jhlZf_ljhf 16.

8.Ijb ijh\_^_gbb hiulh\ hkms_kl\eylv dhgljhev l_fi_jZlmju k ihfhsvx l_jfhf_ljZ 15.

33

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. < aZ\bkbfhklb hl ihdZaZgbc jhlZf_ljZ ih lZjbjh\hqghfm

]jZnbdm Q = f(n) (n – dhebq_kl\h ^_e_gbc, baf_j_gguo ih rdZe_ jhlZf_ljZ) hij_^_eblv h[t_fguc jZkoh^.

2. Ih ba\_klghfm jZkoh^m Q jZkkqblZlv kj_^gxx kdhjhklv V ^\b`_gby `b^dhklb V = Q/&, ]^_ & РiehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ljm[u ^bZf_ljhf d; (& =Πd2/4).

3.>ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ jZkkqblZlv ih nhjfme_ 3.2 qbkeh J_cghev^kZ.

4.>Zggu_ baf_j_gbc b \uqbke_gbc aZg_klb \ lZ[ebpm 3.1.

5.AgZq_gby dbg_fZlbq_kdh]h dhwnnbpb_glZ \yadhklb eb[h

hij_^_eblv ih ]jZnbdm = f(t), eb[h jZkkqblZlv ih wfibjbq_kdhc aZ\bkbfhklb

= 0,0178(1+0,03371t + 0,000221 t2)-1 kf2/k,

]^_ t – l_fi_jZlmjZ \h^u \ ]jZ^mkZo P_evkby.

LZ[ebpZ 3.1

34

J:;HL: 4

IHKLJH?GB? IV?AHF?LJBQ?KDHC B G:IHJGHC EBGBC >EY LJM;HIJH<H>: I?J?F?GGH=H K?Q?GBY

P_ev jZ[hlu: Ihkljh_gb_ iv_ahf_ljbq_kdhc b gZihjghc ebgbc ^ey

ljm[hijh\h^Z i_j_f_ggh]h k_q_gby.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

MjZ\g_gb_ >.;_jgmeeb. MjZ\g_gb_ [ZeZgkZ m^_evghc wg_j]bb ihlhdZ j_Zevghc `b^dhklb ijb mklZgh\b\r_fky ^\b`_gbb, beb, dZd _]h ijbgylh

gZau\Zlv, mjZ\g_gb_ ;_jgmeeb, bf__l \b^

A^_kv bg^_dkZfb 1 b 2 h[hagZq_gu \_ebqbgu, hlghkysb_ky khhl\_lkl\_ggh d `b\hfm k_q_gbx ihlhdZ 1-1, 2-2, \aylhfm gb`_ ih l_q_gbx.

DZ`^h_ ba mdZaZgguo k_q_gbc ^he`gh \u[bjZlvky gZ l_o mqZkldZo ihlhdZ, \ ij_^_eZo dhlhjuo bf__l f_klh ieZ\gh baf_gyxs__ky ^\b`_gb_. < wlhf kemqZ_ ^ey jZaebqguo lhq_d ^Zggh]h `b\h]h k_q_gby \_ebqbgu z b pUg bf_xl jZagu_ agZq_gby, h^gZdh kmffZ bo ihklhyggZ z pUg = const. ?keb jZkkfZljb\Zlv kmffm keZ]Z_fuo z pUg \ p_gljZo ly`_klb jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo `b\uo k_q_gbc ihlhdZ*, lh]^Z:

i_j\uc qe_g mjZ\g_gby (z) hij_^_ey_l \ukhlm iheh`_gby p_gljZ ly`_klb `b\h]h k_q_gby ihlhdZ gZ^ ijhba\hevghc ]hjbahglZevghc iehkdhklvx kjZ\g_gby beb iehkdhklvx hlkq_lZ 0-0 (jbk. 4.1) b gZau\Z_lky ]_hf_ljbq_kdhc \ukhlhc beb ]_hf_ljbq_kdbf gZihjhf;

* Qlh \h\k_ g_ y\ey_lky h[yaZl_evguf.

35

Jbk. 4.1

\lhjhc qe_g mjZ\g_gby pUg ij_^klZ\ey_l \ukhlm lZdh]h klhe[Z `b^dhklb,

dhlhjuc khhl\_lkl\m_l ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhfm ^Z\e_gbx \ p_glj_ ly`_klb

`b\h]h k_q_gby ihlhdZ, b gZau\Z_lky iv_ahf_ljbq_kdhc \ukhlhc beb

kdhjhklguf gZihjhf b y\ey_lky f_jhc m^_evghc dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb; # – kj_^gyy kdhjhklv \ `b\hf k_q_gbb ihlhdZ; . – dhwnnbpb_gl DhjbhebkZ, beb dhjj_dlb\ dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb ([_ajZaf_jguc), jZ\guc hlghr_gbx dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb \ k_q_gbb ihlhdZ, \uqbke_gghc ih ^_ckl\bl_evguf kdhjhklyf u, d dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb \ lhf `_ k_q_gbb, \uqbke_gghc ih kj_^g_c kdhjhklb #. Dhwnnbpb_gl . \k_]^Z [hevr_ _^bgbpu, h^gZdh \h

36 fgh]bo kemqZyo (gZijbf_j, ijb jZkq_l_ ljm[ b dZgZeh\) ijb lmj[me_glghf

^\b`_gbb ^ey mijhs_gby jZkq_lh\ ijbgbfZxl . = 1;

hij_^_ey_l iheguc gZihj, \_ebqbgZ _]h oZjZdl_jbam_l ihegmx wg_j]bx \ k_q_gbb ihlhdZ;

GZdhg_p, qe_g hlj \ujZ`Z_l kmffZjgmx ihl_jx gZihjZ beb wg_j]bb

ijb ^\b`_gbb `b^dhklb gZ \k_f mqZkld_ f_`^m jZkkfZljb\Z_fufb

k_q_gbyfb ihlhdZ; hlj – wlh qZklv f_oZgbq_kdhc wg_j]bb, h[mkeh\e_ggZy jZ[hlhc kbe lj_gby, dhlhjZy i_j_oh^bl \ l_ieh\mx wg_j]bx b jZkk_b\Z_lky.

=_hf_ljbq_kdZy bgl_jij_lZpby mjZ\g_gby ;_jgmeeb.

=_hf_ljbq_kdbc kfuke mjZ\g_gby ;_jgmeeb e_]dh mykgblv ijb

^hihegbl_evgh gZf_lblv ijhf_`mlhqgh_ k_q_gb_ n-n b ^ey dZ`^h]h k_q_gby

lh djb\Zy, kh_^bgyxsZy \_jogb_ dhgpu kmff lj_o mdZaZgguo \_jlbdZevguo hlj_adh\, h[jZam_l ebgbx ihegh]h gZihjZ ?-?. >ey \uykg_gby oZjZdl_jZ gZihjghc ebgbb \hafh`_g \u[hj g_kdhevdbo ijhf_`mlhqguo k_q_gbc, \ ^Zgghf dhgdj_lghf kemqZ_ h]jZgbqbebkv jZkkfhlj_gb_f ebrv h^gh]h n-n.

>ey b^_Zevghc `b^dhklb ebgby ?-? [m^_l iZjZee_evgZ iehkdhklb 0-0, l._. (]hjbahglZevgZ (gZ jbk. 4.1 ebgby N-N).

Ijb ^\b`_gbb j_Zevghc `b^dhklb iheguc gZihj \^hev ihlhdZ mf_gvrZ_lky, lZd dZd qZklv _]h aZljZqb\Z_lky gZ ij_h^he_gb_ kbe lj_gby, ihwlhfm djb\Zy ?-? gbkiZ^Z_l; \ wlhf kemqZ_ ebgby N-N ij_^klZ\ey_l ebgbx gZqZevgh]h gZihjZ.

IZ^_gb_ ihegh]h gZihjZ, ijboh^ys__ky gZ _^bgbpm ^ebgu, hlf_j_ggmx \^hev ihlhdZ, gZau\Z_lky ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbf mdehghf I_.

37

Ihkdhevdm ijb mklZgh\b\r_fky ^\b`_gbb ebgby ihegh]h gZihjZ ?-? \k_]^Z ihgb`Z_lky, \_ebqbgZ I_ \k_]^Z iheh`bl_evgZ.

Djb\Zy J-J, oZjZdl_jbamxsZy \_ebqbgm ihl_gpbZevgh]h gZihjZ, gZau\Z_lky iv_ahf_ljbq_kdhc ebgb_c. IZ^_gb_ ihl_gpbZevgh]h gZihjZ, ijboh^ys__ky gZ _^bgbpm ^ebgu, hlf_j_ggmx \^hev ihlhdZ, gZau\Z_lky iv_ahf_ljbq_kdbf mdehghf I. ?keb iv_ahf_ljbq_kdZy ebgby J-J ihgb`Z_lky ih l_q_gbx, qlh k\yaZgh k \hajZklZgb_f kdhjhkl_c, \_ebqbgZ I iheh`bl_evgZ,

\ ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ \_ebqbgZ I hljbpZl_evgZ.

Ijb jZ\ghf_jghf ^\b`_gbb kj_^gyy kdhjhklv gZ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhf mqZkld_ ihlhdZ \h \k_o k_q_gbyo h^bgZdh\Z, gZihjgZy b iv_ahf_ljbq_kdZy ebgbb ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc iZjZee_evgu_ ijyfu_; \ wlhf kemqZ_ I = Ie = hlj/l

(l – ^ebgZ mqZkldZ ihlhdZ).

Nbabq_kdZy (wg_j]_lbq_kdZy) bgl_jij_lZpby mjZ\g_gby ;_jgmeeb.

DZ`^uc ba qe_gh\ mjZ\g_gby ;_jgmeeb, dZd m`_ hlf_qZehkv, ij_^klZ\ey_l lhl beb bghc \b^ m^_evghc wg_j]bb. KmffZ lj_o qe_gh\ oZjZdl_jbam_l ihegmx m^_evgmx wg_j]bx `b^dhklb \ jZkkfZljb\Z_fhf k_q_gbb ihlhdZ:

Lh]^Z mjZ\g_gb_ (4.1) fh`_l [ulv aZibkZgh \ ke_^mxs_f \b^_:

Ba (4.3) ke_^m_l, qlh mf_gvr_gb_ iheghc m^_evghc wg_j]bb ihlhdZ `b^dhklb gZ mqZkld_ f_`^m k_q_gbyfb 1-1 b 2-2 h[mkeZ\eb\Z_lky ihl_j_c gZihjZ hlj – wg_j]b_c, l_jy_fhc aZ kq_l jZ[hlu \gmlj_ggbo b \g_rgbo kbe lj_gby _^bgbp_c \_kZ `b^dhklb gZ imlb f_`^m k_q_gbyfb.

38

K wg_j]_lbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby djb\mx ?-? (jbk. 4.1) ke_^m_l kqblZlv ebgb_c iheghc m^_evghc wg_j]bb, Z djb\mx J-J – ebgb_c m^_evghc ihl_gpbZevghc wg_j]bb.

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

Ljm[hijh\h^ i_j_f_ggh]h k_q_gby (jbk. 4.2) khklhbl ba g_kdhevdbo ihke_^h\Zl_evgh kh_^bg_gguo f_`^m kh[hc ljm[ jZagh]h ^bZf_ljZ.

Jbk. 4.2

GZ oZjZdl_jguo mqZkldZo ljm[hijh\h^Z, l._. ijb i_j_oh^_ hl h^gh]h ^bZf_ljZ d ^jm]hfm b gZ ih\hjhlZo, mklZgh\e_gu iv_ahf_lju. <k_ iv_ahf_lju \u\_^_gu gZ ki_pbZevgu_ sblu, gmev rdZeu dhlhjuo kh\iZ^Z_l k iehkdhklvx kjZ\g_gby, jZkiheh`_gghc gb`_ hkb ljm[hijh\h^Z. <h^Z ba \h^h[hcgh]h [Zkk_cgZ : p_gljh[_`guf gZkhkhf 8 ih^Z_lky \ gZihjguc [Zd ;, hldm^Z ihklmiZ_l \ ljm[hijh\h^.

Mjh\_gv \h^u \ gZihjghf [Zd_ ijb ihfhsb ohehklh]h keb\Z 9 ih^^_j`b\Z_lky ihklhygguf gZ ijhly`_gbb \k_]h hiulZ. MklZgh\e_gguc \

39

dhgp_ ljm[hijh\h^Z 1 \_glbev 2 j_]mebjm_l jZkoh^ \h^u. Ba ljm[hijh\h^Z \h^Z ihklmiZ_l \ f_lZeebq_kdbc ehlhd 3.

< ehld_ bf__lky \_jlbdZevgZy i_j_]hjh^dZ 4 k hl\_jklbyfb, kem`ZsZy ^ey mkihdh_gby ihklmiZxs_c \ ehlhd \h^u, Z lZd`_ lhgdhkl_gguc lj_m]hevguc \h^hkeb\ 6 k m]ehf ijb \_jrbg_, jZ\guf 900 (\h^hkeb\ LhfkhgZ). A^_kv fh]ml [ulv bkihevah\Zgu b ^jm]b_ \h^hkeb\u k lhgdhc kl_gdhc b k bghc ]_hf_ljbq_kdhc nhjfhc \h^hkeb\gh]h hl\_jklby.

Ih gZihjm i_j_^ \h^hkeb\hf hij_^_ey_lky jZkoh^ \h^u \ kbkl_f_. (;he__ ih^jh[gu_ k\_^_gby h lhgdhkl_gguo \h^hkeb\Zo ijb\_^_gu \ jZ[hl_

13).

>ey hij_^_e_gby hlf_ldb ]j_[gy \h^hkeb\Z, Z lZd`_ hlf_ldb mjh\gy \h^u \ ehld_ i_j_^ \h^hkeb\hf (\ \_jog_f [v_n_) gZ^ ehldhf gZ ki_pbZevghc ih^klZ\d_ mklZgh\e_g b]hevqZluc mjh\g_f_j 5. (HibkZgb_ b ijZ\beZ _]h ihevah\Zgby ^Zgu \ jZ[hl_ 2).

<h^Z ba ehldZ q_j_a keb\gmx ljm[m 7 k[jZku\Z_lky \ \h^hh[hjhlguc [Zkk_cg :.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1. >h gZqZeZ jZ[hlu g_h[oh^bfh m[_^blvky \ lhf, qlh \ iv_ahf_ljZo hlkmlkl\m_l \ha^mo, ^ey q_]h ihdZaZgby \k_o iv_ahf_ljh\ kjZ\gb\Zxl f_`^m kh[hc. ?keb \ gbo g_l \ha^moZ b \h^Z \ ljm[hijh\h^_ g_ ^\b`_lky, mjh\gb \ iv_ahf_ljZo ^he`gu [ulv gZ h^ghc b lhc `_ \ukhl_ (ih aZdhgm khh[sZxsboky khkm^h\). ?keb `_ mjh\gb \h^u \ iv_ahf_ljZo [m^ml jZagu_, lh g_h[oh^bfh m^Zeblv ba gbo \ha^mo. >ey wlh]h iv_ahf_lju kgbfZxl kh sblh\ b ^_j`Zl \ ]hjbahglZevghf beb g_kdhevdh gZdehgghf iheh`_gbb, ^ey lh]h qlh[u k g_dhlhjuf dhebq_kl\hf keblhc \h^u m^Zeblv \ha^mrgu_ ijh[db.

2. <dexqZ_lky \ jZ[hlm gZkhk 8 ih^Zxsbc \h^m ba \h^hh[hjhlgh]h [Zkk_cgZ : \ gZihjguc [Zd ;.

40

3. Ihke_ aZiheg_gby gZihjgh]h [ZdZ (h q_f k\b^_l_evkl\m_l gZqZ\rbcky k[jhk \h^u q_j_a ohehklhc keb\ 9) hldju\Z_lky \_glbev 2, b \ ljm[hijh\h^_ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky g_dhlhjuc ihklhygguc gZ ijhly`_gbb \k_]h hiulZ jZkoh^ Q. < ijhp_kk_ hiulZ g_evay baf_gylv hldjulb_ \_glbey. H ihklhygkl\_ jZkoh^Z \ ljm[hijh\h^_ fh`gh km^blv ih ihdZaZgbyf b]hevqZlh]h mjh\g_f_jZ, mklZgh\e_ggh]h gZ^ ehldhf 3. Wlb mdZaZgby g_h[oh^bfh kh[ex^Zlv lZd`_ ijb \uiheg_gbb ihke_^mxsbo jZ[hl, k\yaZgguo k ^\b`_gb_f \h^u \ ljm[Zo.

4. B]hevqZluf mjh\g_f_jhf 5 nbdkbjmxlky hlf_ldb \_jrbgu m]eZ lj_m]hevgh]h baf_jbl_evgh]h \h^hkeb\Z ’0 b ]hjbahglZ \h^u i_j_^ \h^hkeb\hf ’. JZaghklv hlf_lhd iha\hey_l ih^kqblZlv gZihj gZ \h^hkeb\_

5. Ih djb\hc Q f Hc , ihemq_gghc \ j_amevlZl_ lZjbjh\db kZfh]h \h^hkeb\Z, hij_^_ey_lky jZkoh^ \h^u gZ \h^hkeb\_.

<k_ wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ^Zggu_ ih hij_^_e_gbx jZkoh^Z \h^u \ghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 4.1.

41

6. KgbfZxlky ihdZaZgby iv_ahf_ljh\, mklZgh\e_gguo gZ ljm[hijh\h^_, ijb wlhf ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh mjh\gb \h^u \ iv_ahf_ljZo dhe_[exlky bgh]^Z ^h\hevgh agZqbl_evgh. Wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h gZebqbb \ ljm[hijh\h^_ lmj[me_glgh]h j_`bfZ ^\b`_gby, ijb dhlhjhf bf__l f_klh imevkZpby kdhjhkl_c, Z agZqbl, b ^Z\e_gbc. Ihwlhfm \h ba[_`Zgb_ ]jm[uo hrb[hd ijb kgylbb ihdZaZgbc iv_ahf_ljh\ g_h[oh^bfh nbdkbjh\Zlv kj_^g__ iheh`_gb_ mjh\gy \h^u \ gbo. Wlh mdZaZgb_ g_h[oh^bfh kh[ex^Zlv b ijb \uiheg_gbb ihke_^mxsbo jZ[hl, ijh\h^bfuo gZ ljm[hijh\h^Zo.

Hlkq_lu ih iv_ahf_ljZf aZghkylky \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ]jZnu lZ[ebpu

4.2.