praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_01

12

Jbk 1.3

<gmlj_ggbc j_a_j\mZj 3 bf__l kn_jbq_kdh_ ^gh, \ p_glj_ _]h ijbiZygZ eZlmggZy pbebg^jbq_kdZy ljm[dZ 4, \ hl\_jklb_ dhlhjhc \klZ\e_gZ dZeb[jh\ZggZy, dhgbq_kdZy f_lZeebq_kdZy ljm[hqdZ – gZkZ^hd 9, q_j_a dhlhjmx \ul_dZ_l bkke_^m_fZy `b^dhklv. >ebgZ gZkZ^dZ 20 ff, ^bZf_lj \ \_jog_c qZklb 2,9 ff, \ gb`g_c – 2,8 ff. Hl\_jklb_ ljm[hqdb aZdju\Z_lky aZhklj_gguf kl_j`g_f 1, \ kj_^g_c qZklb dhlhjh]h bf__lky ijm`bgdZ, iha\heyxsZy m^_j`b\Zlv _]h \ ijbih^gylhf iheh`_gbb. GZ \gmlj_gg_c ih\_joghklb j_a_j\mZjZ 3 bf_xlky ljb djxqdZ 10, dhlhju_ ihdZau\Zxl, ^h dZdh]h mjh\gy g_h[oh^bfh gZeb\Zlv bkke_^m_fmx `b^dhklv. Ih wlbf `_ djxqdZf k ihfhsvx ih^t_fguo \bglh\ 6 ijhba\h^blky b \_jlbdZevgZy mklZgh\dZ ijb[hjZ.

<g_rgbc j_a_j\mZj 11 b]jZ_l jhev \h^yghc \Zggu. IjhkljZgkl\h f_`^m j_a_j\mZjZfb 3 b 11 aZihegy_lky \h^hc, dhlhjZy fh`_l ih^h]j_\Zlvky

13

k ihfhsvx dhevp_\hc ]hj_edb 8, Z lZd`_ we_dljhgZ]j_\Zl_e_f. < gZjm`ghf j_a_j\mZj_ gZ ki_pbZevghf djhgrl_cg_ aZdj_ie_gZ f_rZedZ 2 ^ey i_j_f_rb\Zgby \h^u \ \Zgg_, qlh kihkh[kl\m_l jZ\ghf_jghfm ih^h]j_\m bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb ^h aZ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmju. >ey mf_gvr_gby l_ieh\uo ihl_jv \h \j_fy hiulZ \gmlj_ggbc j_a_j\mZj ijbdju\Z_lky imklhl_ehc djurdhc 12, \ hl\_jklby dhlhjhc \klZ\eyxlky kl_j`_gv 1 b l_jfhf_lj 13; ihke_^gbc kem`bl ^ey dhgljhey l_fi_jZlmju bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb. Ih^ ljm[hqdhc 9 mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ki_pbZevgZy kl_deyggZy dhe[Z 5 k ^\mfy gZg_k_ggufb gZ g_c dhevp_\ufb jbkdZfb 7. Gb`gyy jbkdZ khhl\_lkl\m_l h[t_fm 100 kf3, \_jogyy – 200 kf3.

Hij_^_e_gb_ \yadhklb \bkdhabf_ljhf Wg]e_jZ aZdexqZ_lky \ khihklZ\e_gbb \j_f_gb t` bkl_q_gby 200 kf3 bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb q_j_a gZkZ^hd ijb aZ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ kh \j_f_g_f t\ bkl_q_gby lh]h `_ h[t_fZ ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u ijb t0 = 200K. <_ebqbgZ t\ gZau\Z_lky \h^guf qbkehf (t\ # 50-52 k).

Hlghr_gb_ t` 0 ? - \yadhklv \ ]jZ^mkZo Wg]e_jZ (mkeh\gZy \yadhklv). t\

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.KgbfZxl djurdm 12 \bkdhabf_ljZ b m[_`^Zxlky \ lhf, qlh \gmlj_ggyy ih\_joghklv j_a_j\mZjZ 3 b ljm[hqdb 9 qbklZ b gZkmoh ijhl_jlZ.

2.<klZ\eyxl \ hl\_jklb_ ljm[hqdb 9 kl_j`_gv 1 b \ j_a_j\mZj 3

gZeb\Zxl klhevdh bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb, qlh[u __ k\h[h^gZy ih\_joghklv g_agZqbl_evgh ijbdju\ZeZ hkljby djxqdh\ 10; ijb wlhf h[t_f `b^dhklb khklZ\ey_l ijbf_jgh 240 kf3. ?keb hkljby djxqdh\ g_h^bgZdh\h ijbdju\Zxlky k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklvx `b^dhklb \ j_a_j\mZj_, qlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ hldehg_gbb hl \_jlbdZevgh]h iheh`_gby hkb ijb[hjZ, lh wlh iheh`_gb_ g_h[oh^bfh bkijZ\blv ih^t_fgufb \bglZfb 6.

14

3.J_a_j\mZj 3 k `b^dhklvx aZdju\Zxl djurdhc b \ hl\_jklb_ __

\klZ\eyxl l_jfhf_lj 13.

4.< khkm^ 11 gZeb\Zxl \h^m, dhlhjZy ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb ih^h]j_\Z_lky ]hj_edhc 8 beb we_dljhgZ]j_\Zl_e_f, ihdZ l_fi_jZlmjZ bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb \ j_a_j\mZj_ 3 g_ ^hklb]Z_l aZ^Zgghc.

5.Ih^ ljm[hqdm 9 ijb[hjZ ih^klZ\eyxl imklmx dhe[m 5.

6.Ijb^_j`b\Zy djurdm \bkdhabf_ljZ, ijbih^gbfZxl kl_j`_gv b h^gh\j_f_ggh \dexqZxl k_dmg^hf_j. G_h[oh^bfh ke_^blv aZ l_f, qlh[u \ul_dZxsZy ba gZkZ^dZ 9 `b^dhklv ihiZeZ gZ \gmlj_ggxx [hdh\mx kl_gdm dhe[u 5. Wlh bkdexqZ_l \hafh`ghklv ihy\e_gby \gmljb dhe[u i_gu,

f_rZxs_c nbdkbjh\Zlv mjh\_gv `b^dhklb.

7.Dh]^Z mjh\_gv \ul_dZxs_c `b^dhklb ^hklb]Z_l \_jog_c jbkdb 7 gZ dhe[_, k_dmg^hf_j \udexqZxl. Ihemq_ggh_ \j_fy t` \ k_dmg^Zo b _klv \j_fy \ul_dZgby 200 kf3 bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb.

8.>ey bkdexq_gby \hafh`guo hrb[hd jZ[hlm ih hij_^_e_gbx t`

ih\lhjyxl g_kdhevdh jZa.

9. < lZdhc `_ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb hij_^_eyxl \h^gh_ qbkeh t\ , l._.

\j_fy \ul_dZgby 200 kf3 ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u. <h^gh_ qbkeh ^ey dZ`^h]h \bkdhabf_ljZ y\ey_lky ihklhygguf b mdZau\Z_lky aZ\h^hf-ba]hlh\bl_e_f.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Ih j_amevlZlZf baf_j_gbc ih^kqblu\Zxlky kj_^gb_ hiulgu_ agZq_gby t` b t\ , dhlhju_ iha\heyxl hij_^_eblv \yadhklv `b^dhklb \ ]jZ^mkZo Wg]e_jZ ih nhjfme_

t\

15

2. I_j_oh^ hl \yadhklb \ ]jZ^mkZo Wg]e_jZ d dbg_fZlbq_kdhfm dhwnnbpb_glm \yadhklb ijhba\h^blky ih wfibjbq_kdbf nhjfmeZf, h^ghc ba dhlhjuo y\ey_lky nhjfmeZ M[[_eh^_

3. Ih aZ\bkbfhklb (1.2) ih^kqblu\Z_lky ^bgZfbq_kdbc dhwnnbpb_gl \yadhklb .

4. Ihemq_ggu_ agZq_gby dhwnnbpb_glh\ \yadhklb khihklZ\eyxlky kh kijZ\hqgufb.

<k_ ^Zggu_ baf_j_gbc b \uqbke_gbc j_amevlZlh\ hiulh\ \ghkylky \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ]jZnu lZ[ebpu 1.1.

16

LZ[ebpZ 1.1

17

2. HibkZgb_ jhlZpbhggh]h \bkdhabf_ljZ <KG-3

Ijbgpbi ^_ckl\by jhlZpbhgguo ijb[hjh\ fh`gh ihykgblv gZ ijbf_j_ khhkghpbebg^jbq_kdh]h \bkdhabf_ljZ. Jhlhj \jZsZ_lky k aZ^Zgghc m]eh\hc kdhjhklvx, Z klZlhj aZlhjfh`_g ijm`bghc – baf_jbl_e_f djmlys_]h fhf_glZ, i_j_^Z\Z_fh]h klZlhjm q_j_a bkke_^m_fmx `b^dhklv, gZoh^ysmxky \ aZahj_ f_`^m klZlhjhf b jhlhjhf, hl jhlhjZ. Q_f [hevr_ \yadhklv `b^dhklb, l_f [hevr_ [m^_l baf_jy_fuc djmlysbc fhf_gl.

JhlZpbhgguc \bkdhabf_lj <KG-3 khklhbl ba dhjimkZ 1, baf_jbl_evghc kbkl_fu, \dexqZxs_c kibjZevgmx ijm`bgm, ijb\h^Z b klZdZgZ 3 ^ey bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb 4 (jbk. 1.4).

Jbk 1.4

KlZdZg k bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklvx mklZgh\e_g gZ klhebd_ 2. <gmljb klZdZgZ baf_jbl_evguc pbebg^j 5 b \jZsZxsbcky iheuc pbebg^j 6 h[jZamxl dhevp_\hc aZahj, dhlhjuc aZiheg_g bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklvx.

Pbebg^j ijb\h^blky \h \jZs_gb_ we_dljh^\b]Zl_e_f k aZ^Zgguf qbkehf

18

h[hjhlh\ \ fbgmlm (200, 300, 400, 600). M]he ih\hjhlZ baf_jbl_evgh]h pbebg^jZ 5 j_]bkljbjm_lky ih rdZe_ 7.

KlZdZg 3 \uiheg_g imklhl_euf. Q_j_a g_]h ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb fh`gh ijhdZqb\Zlv `b^dhklv, l_jfhklZlbjmxsmx ^ey aZ^Zgby g_h[oh^bfhc l_fi_jZlmju.

< jZ[hl_ ijhba\h^blky hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ ^bgZfbq_kdhc \yadhklb ihebf_lbekbehdkZgh\hc `b^dhklb IFK-100 ijb q_luj_o kdhjhklyo \jZs_gby iheh]h pbebg^jZ 6..

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.L_jfhklZlhf mklZgh\blv lj_[m_fmx l_fi_jZlmjm bkke_^m_fhc `b^dhklb.

2.MklZgh\blv i_j_dexqZl_e_f «h[/fbg» kdhjhklv \jZs_gby 200

h[/fbg.

3.<dexqblv lmf[e_j «k_lv» \bkdhabf_ljZ.

4.Hij_^_eblv m]he ih\hjhlZ baf_jbl_evgh]h pbebg^jZ ih rdZe_ 7.

5.MklZgh\blv ihke_^h\Zl_evgh kdhjhklb \jZs_gby 300, 400 b 600

h[/fbg, hij_^_eyy ijb wlhf m]he ih\hjhlZ baf_jbl_evgh]h pbebg^jZ.

J_amevlZlu aZibkZlv \ lZ[ebpm 1.2.

6. >bgZfbq_kdbc dhwnnbpb_gl \yadhklb jZkkqblu\Z_lky ih nhjfme_

P 0,3M (IZÜk), n

]^_ 3 – m]he ih\hjhlZ baf_jbl_evgh]h pbebg^jZ, n – qbkeh h[hjhlh\ \ fbgmlm iheh]h pbebg^jZ.

J:;HL: 2

HIJ?>?E?GB? NHJFU K<H;H>GHC IH<?JOGHKLB @B>DHKLB < J:<GHF?JGH <J:S:XS?FKY <HDJM= <?JLBD:EVGHC HKB PBEBG>JBQ?KDHF KHKM>?

P_ev jZ[hlu. Hij_^_e_gb_ nhjfu k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb \ pbebg^jbq_kdhf khkm^_, \jZsZxs_fky \hdjm] \_jlbdZevghc hkb k ihklhygghc m]eh\hc kdhjhklvx, b khihklZ\e_gb_ j_amevlZlh\ baf_j_gbc k l_hj_lbq_kdbfb jZkq_lZfb.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Ijb \jZs_gbb khkm^Z k `b^dhklvx k ihklhygghc m]eh\hc kdhjhklvx \hdjm] \_jlbdZevghc hkb, Z lZd`_ \ g_dhlhjuo ^jm]bo kemqZyo \ khkm^_ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky khklhygb_ hlghkbl_evgh]h jZ\gh\_kby (ihdhy) `b^dhklb, ijb dhlhjhf qZklbpu `b^dhklb g_ i_j_f_sZxlky hlghkbl_evgh ^jm] ^jm]Z b kZfh]h khkm^Z (`b^dhklv b khkm^ ^\b`mlky dZd h^gh p_eh_).

20

AZdhgu hlghkbl_evgh]h jZ\gh\_kby `b^dhklb gZoh^yl rbjhdh_ ijbf_g_gb_ \ jZaebqguo h[eZklyo l_ogbdb – \ f_lZeemj]bb (p_gljh[_`gh_ eblv_), \ baf_jbl_evghc l_ogbd_ (`b^dhklgu_ lZohf_lju) b ^j.

Ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb hlghkbl_evgh]h jZ\gh\_kby `b^dhklb gZjy^m k mklZgh\e_gb_f aZdhgZ jZkij_^_e_gby ^Z\e_gby \ g_c ijZdlbq_kdbc bgl_j_k ij_^klZ\ey_l hij_^_e_gb_ nhjfu ih\_joghklb jZ\gh]h ^Z\e_gby, l._. lZdhc ih\_joghklb, \k_ lhqdb dhlhjhc bkiulu\Zxl h^bgZdh\h_ ^Z\e_gb_.

>bnn_j_gpbZevgh_ mjZ\g_gb_ ih\_joghklb jZ\gh]h ^Z\e_gby bf__l

\b^

]^_ O, M , Z - ijh_dpbb mkdhj_gbc fZkkh\uo kbe gZ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_

dhhj^bgZlgu_ hkb; dx, dy , dz - ijh_dpbb ijbjZs_gby dhhj^bgZl lhqdb.

< kemqZ_ hlghkbl_evgh]h jZ\gh\_kby `b^dhklb \ pbebg^jbq_kdhf

khkm^_, \jZsZxs_fky \hdjm] \_jlbdZevghc hkb k ihklhygghc m]eh\hc

Zlfhkn_jghfm. Ijh\_^_f kbkl_fm dhhj^bgZl, \jZsZxsmxky \f_kl_ k khkm^hf, q_j_a \_jrbgm k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb (jbk.2.1).

Ijb lZdhf jZkiheh`_gbb hk_c ijh_dpbb mkdhj_gbc fZkkh\uo kbe,

^_ckl\mxsbo, gZijbf_j, gZ qZklbpm `b^dhklb F, jZ\gu

X s2x; Y s2 y; Z g ,

]^_ x b y – ijh_dpbb jZ^bmkZ \jZs_gby lhqdb F gZ dhhj^bgZlgu_ hkb.

21

Jbk. 2.1

Ih^klZ\b\ gZc^_ggu_ agZq_gby ijh_dpbc \ mjZ\g_gb_ (2.1) b

ijhbgl_]jbjh\Z\ _]h, ihemqbf

<ujZ`_gb_ (2.2) _klv mjZ\g_gb_ iZjZ[hehb^Z \jZs_gby, ^ey dhlhjh]h k_q_gb_ ]hjbahglZevghc iehkdhklvx ij_^klZ\ey_l hdjm`ghklv, Z \_jlbdZevghc f_jb^bhgZevghc iehkdhklvx – iZjZ[hem.

Ba \ujZ`_gby (2.2) \b^gh, qlh nhjfZ iZjZ[hehb^Z \jZs_gby g_ aZ\bkbl hl jh^Z gZeblhc \ khkm^ `b^dhklb.