praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_01

92

Kj_^gxx kdhjhklv gZ ^Zgghc \_jlbdZeb V\ fh`gh gZclb ]jZnbq_kdbf kihkh[hf, ^ey q_]h hij_^_ey_lky iehsZ^v wixju kdhjhkl_c Swi. Ihke_^gyy fh`_l [ulv gZc^_gZ jZaebqgufb kihkh[Zfb: ieZgbf_ljbjh\Zgb_f; iml_f jZa[b\db __ ]hjbahglZevgufb ebgbyfb gZ qZklb, dhlhju_ fh]ml [ulv ijb[eb`_ggh ijbgylu aZ ljZi_pbb; ijb ihfhsb h iZe_ldb. Lh]^Z,

]^_ h – \ukhlZ wixju, jZ\gZy ]em[bg_ ihlhdZ.

Ijb[eb`_ggh kj_^gyy kdhjhklv gZ \_jlbdZeb fh`_l [ulv hij_^_e_gZ ih nhjfme_ I.E.Q_[ur_\Z:

:gZeblbq_kdb ijb 5-lhq_qghf aZf_j_ hkj_^g_gguo f_klguo ijh^hevguo

kdhjhkl_c kj_^gyy kdhjhklv gZ \_jlbdZeb fh`_l [ulv hij_^_e_gZ ih nhjfme_

Ihemqblv l_hj_lbq_kdbf iml_f wixjm kdhjhkl_c \ ihlhd_ m^Z_lky ijb eZfbgZjghf ^\b`_gbb \ pbebg^jbq_kdhc ljm[_. A^_kv kdhjhklb jZkij_^_eyxlky ih iZjZ[hebq_kdhfm aZdhgm, qlh l_hj_lbq_kdb h[hkgh\u\Z_lky ba aZdhgZ h lj_gbb \gmljb `b^dhklb.

93

Ijb lmj[me_glghf l_q_gbb \ pbebg^jbq_kdhc ljm[_ \ lmj[me_glghf y^j_ k jZa\blhc lmj[me_glghklvx kdhjhklb baf_gyxlky ih eh]Zjbnfbq_kdhfm aZdhgm.

FZdkbfZevgZy kdhjhklv umax gZoh^blky \ p_glj_ ljm[u, Z f_klgZy kdhjhklv ih \_ebqbg_, jZ\gZy kj_^g_c kdhjhklb, e_`bl \ hij_^_e_gghc h[eZklb lmj[me_glgh]h ihlhdZ \ ljm[_, Z bf_ggh gZ jZkklhygbb hl __ \_joZ

mv 0,24r0 (r0 – jZ^bmk ljm[u).

>\b`_gb_ ihlhdh\ \ jmkeZo j_d b dZgZeh\ h[uqgh ijhbkoh^bl ijb lmj[me_glghf j_`bf_. H^gZdh kbkl_fZ mjZ\g_gbc ]b^jhf_oZgbdb ^ey lmj[me_glgh]h ihlhdZ, hkgh\ZggZy gZ aZdhgZo khojZg_gby fZkku b wg_j]bb, ijbf_gy_fZy ^ey hibkZgby ihe_c kdhjhkl_c, y\ey_lky g_aZfdgmlhc. >ey __ aZfudZgby jZaebqgu_ Z\lhju bkihevamxl qZklgu_ aZ\bkbfhklb, dhlhju_ kms_kl\_ggh hlebqZxlky ^jm] hl ^jm]Z.

Wlh b ij_^hij_^_ey_l gZebqb_ jZaebqguo \b^h\ jZkq_lguo nhjfme ^ey hibkZgby jZkij_^_e_gby f_klguo kdhjhkl_c ih ]em[bg_ ihlhdZ.

Ih bkke_^h\Zgbyf wlb nhjfmeu ^Zxl [ebadb_ j_amevlZlu aZ bkdexq_gb_f ijb^hgghc h[eZklb, ]^_ gZ[ex^Zxlky g_dhlhju_ jZkoh`^_gby.

Wlh \ua\Zgh l_f, qlh \ur_mihfygmlu_ qZklgu_ aZ\bkbfhklb, ihemq_gu Z\lhjZfb iml_f ZiijhdkbfZpbb gZlmjguo wixj jZkij_^_e_gby hkj_^g_gguo kdhjhkl_c ih ]em[bg_ ihlhdZ, Z lhqghklv bkoh^ghc gZlmjghc bgnhjfZpbb, hkh[_ggh \ ijb^hgghc h[eZklb khklZ\ey_l [he__ 5%.

<.G.=hgqZjh\uf ij_^eh`_gZ eh]Zjbnfbq_kdZy nhjfmeZ

]^_ h – ]em[bgZ ihlhdZ; û – r_jhoh\Zlhklv ^gZ; m – jZkklhygb_ hl ^gZ ^h jZkq_lghc lhqdb.

95

\h^hh[hjhlguc [Zkk_cg. >ey ih^^_j`Zgby hij_^_e_ggh]h mjh\gy \h^u \ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhf ehld_ \ dhgp_ _]h ihf_s_g aZl\hj-`Zexab 5.

GZ [hjlZo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h ehldZ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ki_pbZevgZy ih^klZ\dZ kh rlZg]hc b]hevqZlh]h mjh\g_f_jZ (hibkZgb_ _]h ijb\_^_gh \ jZ[hl_ 2), \ gb`g_c qZklb dhlhjhc kfhglbjh\ZgZ ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdZy ljm[dZ, dhlhjZy \f_kl_ k rlZg]hc fh`_l i_j_f_sZlvky \\_jo b \gba, Z lZd`_ ihi_j_d b \^hev ehldZ.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1. Ijhba\h^yl aZjy^dm ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc ljm[db, ^ey q_]h __ fmg^rlmd ^he`_g [ulv ih]jm`_g \ khkm^ k g_ih^\b`ghc \h^hc, dhlhjuc mklZgZ\eb\Zxl gZ ^gh ehldZ (`_eZl_evgh, qlh[u \h^Z \ khkm^_ [ueZ dbiyq_ghc \h ba[_`Zgb_ h[jZah\Zgby \gmljb ljm[db \ha^mrguo ijh[hd).

AZjy^dZ hkms_kl\ey_lky hlkZku\Zgb_f jmqguf gZkhkhf \ha^moZ ba ljm[hd fbdjhfZghf_ljZ ^h l_o ihj, ihdZ g_ [m^_l kha^Zgh jZaj_`_gb_, ^hklZlhqgh_ ^ey ih^t_fZ \h^u \ ljm[dZo ijb[ebabl_evgh ^h k_j_^bgu rdZeu. AZjy^dm fh`gh kqblZlv aZdhgq_gghc lh]^Z, dh]^Z h[Z f_gbkdZ \ kl_deygguo ljm[dZo fbdjhfZghf_ljZ hdZ`mlky gZ h^ghc \ukhl_. Ihke_^g__ [m^_l lZd`_ k\b^_l_evkl\h\Zlv b h lhf, qlh ba ljm[db P:=B iheghklvx m^Ze_g \ha^mo.

2.Ihke_ \dexq_gby gZkhkZ, ih^Zxs_]h \h^m \ gZihjguc [Zd, hldju\Zxl j_]mebjmxsmx aZ^\b`dm 2 gZ ih^\h^ys_f ljm[hijh\h^_ 1, imkdZxl \h^m \ ehlhd b \u`b^Zxl g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy, ihdZ ^\b`_gb_ \ ehld_ ijbf_l mklZgh\b\rbcky oZjZdl_j.

3.<u[bjZxl k_q_gb_ b nbdkbjmxl ]em[bgm ihlhdZ h \ g_f.

4.=b^jh^bgZfbq_kdmx ljm[dm mklZgZ\eb\Zxl gZ h^ghc ba kdhjhklguo \_jlbdZe_c \u[jZggh]h k_q_gby b baf_jyxl kdhjhklb \ 9 lhqdZo (kf. lZ[ebpm

10.1), ^ey q_]h ^_eZxl hlkq_lu G1 b G2 ih h[_bf kl_deygguf ljm[dZf

fbdjhfZghf_ljZ. >ey wlh]h \hehkyghc \babj k ihfhsvx fbdjhf_lj_gguo \bglh\

96

ih^\h^yl ih^ khhl\_lkl\mxsbc f_gbkd \ kl_deygghc ljm[d_ lZdbf h[jZahf, qlh[u kZf \babj b _]h bah[jZ`_gb_ \ a_jdZe_ kh\iZ^Zeb.

Ijb baf_j_gbb ih\_joghklghc kdhjhklb g_h[oh^bfh \gbfZl_evgh ke_^blv aZ l_f, qlh[u fmg^rlmd ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdhc ljm[db [ue ihdjul \h^hc b \ ljm[dm g_ ihiZ^Ze \ha^mo.

Hkv fmg^rlmdZ ijb \k_o aZf_jZo ^he`gZ [ulv iZjZee_evgZ kl_gdZf b ^gm

ehldZ.

< k\yab k imevkZpb_c kdhjhkl_c mjh\gb \h^u \ ljm[dZo fbdjhfZghf_ljZ g_kdhevdh dhe_[exlky, ihwlhfm ijb aZf_jZo ih ljm[dZf g_h[oh^bfh nbdkbjh\Zlv kj_^g__ iheh`_gb_ mjh\gy \h^u \ gbo.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1.Ih^kqblu\Zxlky jZaghklb ihdZaZgbc \ ljm[dZo fbdjhfZghf_ljZ G, Z aZl_f ih nhjfme_ (10.3) – hkj_^g_ggu_ f_klgu_ ijh^hevgu_ kdhjhklb \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo lhqdZo ihlhdZ, ijb wlhf dhwnnbpb_gl 3 h[uqgh ijbgbfZxl jZ\guf _^bgbp_. >Zggu_ aZghkyl \ lZ[ebpm 10.1.

2.Ih gZc^_gguf agZq_gbyf hkj_^g_gguo f_klguo ijh^hevguo kdhjhkl_c gZ fbeebf_ljh\hc [mfZ]_ kljhblky wixjZ kdhjhkl_c, ijb wlhf j_dhf_g^m_lky ijb^_j`b\Zlvky ke_^mxsbo fZkrlZ[h\: ^ey ]em[bg 1 kf – 1 kf (1:1); ^ey kdhjhkl_c 1 kf – 10 kf/k (1:10).

3.K ihfhsvx wixju kdhjhkl_c ih nhjfme_ (10.4) hij_^_ey_lky kj_^gyy kdhjhklv gZ \_jlbdZeb.

4.Ih nhjfmeZf (10.7), (10.8), (10.9) ijhba\h^blky jZkq_l f_klguo kdhjhkl_c ih ]em[bg_ ihlhdZ \ l_o `_ lhqdZo, \ dhlhjuo ijhba\h^bebkv aZf_ju.

AgZq_gby ufZo , V\ hij_^_eyxlky ih wdki_jbf_glZevguf ^Zgguf.

Dhwnnbpb_gl R_ab \uqbkeyxl ih nhjfme_ FZggbg]Z:

97

K1 R1/ 6 ,

n

]^_ dhwnnbpb_gl r_jhoh\Zlhklb n hij_^_ey_lky ih kijZ\hqgbdm \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl fZl_jbZeZ ehldZ.

JZkq_lgu_ ^Zggu_ aZghkyl \ lZ[ebpm (10.1) b gZghkyl gZ wdki_jbf_glZevgmx wixjm kdhjhkl_c.

Ijhba\h^blky kjZ\g_gb_ b ZgZeba ihemq_gguo j_amevlZlh\.

LZ[ebpZ 10.1

98

J:;HL: 11

HIJ?>?E?GB? DHWNNBPB?GL: R?JHOH<:LHKLB < D:G:E?

P_ev jZ[hlu. 1. Wdki_jbf_glZevgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ r_jhoh\Zlhklb \ dZgZe_.

2. KhihklZ\e_gb_ hiulguo agZq_gbc k \uqbke_ggufb ih wfibjbq_kdbf nhjfmeZf b ih rdZe_ r_jhoh\Zlhkl_c.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

JZ\ghf_jguf ^\b`_gb_f gZau\Z_lky lZdh_ mklZgh\b\r__ky ijyfhebg_cgh_ ^\b`_gb_ `b^dhklb, ijb dhlhjhf `b\u_ k_q_gby ihlhdZ, kj_^gyy kdhjhklv b kdhjhklb \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo lhqdZo `b\uo k_q_gbc g_ baf_gyxlky ih ^ebg_ ihlhdZ (jbk. 11.1).

Jbk. 11.1

99

< [_agZihjguo ihlhdZo jZ\ghf_jgh_ ^\b`_gb_ \hafh`gh lhevdh \ jmkeZo ijbafZlbq_kdhc nhjfu ijb ihklhygghf ih ^ebg_ iheh`bl_evghf mdehg_ ^gZ jmkeZ (i > 0) b h^bgZdh\hc ih ^ebg_ r_jhoh\Zlhklb. JZ\ghf_jgh_ ^\b`_gb_ bf__l

f_klh \ bkdmkkl\_gguo \h^hlhdZo: dZgZeZo b ehldZo.

Ijb jZ\ghf_jghf ^\b`_gbb ]em[bgZ ihlhdZ hklZ_lky g_baf_gghc

\_ebqbghc ih _]h ^ebg_, gZau\Z_lky ghjfZevghc ]em[bghc b h[hagZqZ_lky q_j_a h0

(jbk. 11.1).

Hkgh\guf jZkq_lguf mjZ\g_gb_f ^ey jZ\ghf_jgh]h ihlhdZ y\ey_lky

]^_ Q – jZkoh^ ihlhdZ; &0 – iehsZ^v `b\h]h k_q_gby; R0 – ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc jZ^bmk, ij_^klZ\eyxsbc kh[hc hlghr_gb_ iehsZ^b `b\h]h k_q_gby &0 d kfhq_gghfm i_jbf_ljm $, l._. d lhc qZklb i_jbf_ljZ `b\h]h k_q_gby, \ ij_^_eZo dhlhjh]h ihlhd khijbdZkZ_lky k h]jZgbqb\Zxsbfb _]h l\_j^ufb kl_gdZfb; K0 – dhwnnbpb_gl R_ab.

Dhwnnbpb_gl R_ab aZ\bkbl hl nhjfu b jZaf_jh\ ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby jmkeZ, Z lZd`_ hl r_jhoh\Zlhklb b j_`bfZ ^\b`_gby.

100

Dhwnnbpb_gl R_ab ijb eZfbgZjghf j_`bf_ hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_

Ijb lmj[me_glghf j_`bf_ ^\b`_gby `b^dhklb:

1) ^ey ljm[ b dZgZeh\ k ]b^jZ\ebq_kdb ]eZ^dbfb kl_gdZfb ih nhjfme_ ;eZabmkZ

2) ^ey ljm[ b dZgZeh\ k kh\_jr_ggh r_jhoh\Zlufb kl_gdZfb ih nhjfme_ G.G.IZ\eh\kdh]h

]^_ n – dhwnnbpb_gl r_jhoh\Zlhklb;

m – ihdZaZl_ev kl_i_gb, hij_^_ey_fuc ih nhjfme_

K ^hklZlhqghc ^ey ijZdlbq_kdbo jZkq_lh\ lhqghklvx \_ebqbgZ m fh`_l [ulv gZc^_gZ ih ijb[eb`_gguf aZ\bkbfhklyf

GZb[he__ rbjhdh \ bg`_g_jghc ijZdlbd_ ijbf_gyxlky nhjfmeu:

101

Dhwnnbpb_gl r_jhoh\Zlhklb n hij_^_eyxl ih kijZ\hqghc ebl_jZlmj_ beb wdki_jbf_glZevgh.

?]h fh`gh jZkkqblZlv ih nhjfme_ QZg]Z ^ey ijyfhebg_cguo jmk_e ijZ\bevghc nhjfu ih \_ebqbg_ kj_^g_c \ukhlu \uklmih\ r_jhoh\Zlhklb

>ey mklZgh\e_gby j_`bfZ ^\b`_gby hij_^_eyxl qbkeh J_cghev^kZ

b kjZ\gb\Zxl _]h k djblbq_kdbf Redj = 575. H[eZklv khijhlb\e_gby \uykgy_lky kjZ\g_gb_f qbkeZ J_cghev^kZ Re \ ihlhd_ k Re]j, dhlhjh_ khhl\_lkl\m_l ]jZgbp_ f_`^m i_j_oh^ghc b d\Z^jZlbqghc h[eZklyfb lmj[me_glgh]h j_`bfZ, hij_^_ey_fh_ ih nhjfme_ [2]