praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_01

62

LZ[ebpZ 6.2

Ijbf_qZgby: >ebgZ wdki_jbf_glZevgh]h mqZkldZ ljm[hijh\h^Z l =

>bZf_lj ljm[hijh\h^Z d=

IehsZ^v ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ljm[hijh\h^Z & =

Ih wdki_jbf_glZevguf agZq_gbyf b Re kljhblky ]jZnbd - lg Re \ ihemeh]Zjbnfbq_kdbo dhhj^bgZlZo.

J:;HL: 7

HIJ?>?E?GB? DHWNNBPB?GLH< F?KLGUO IHL?JV

P_ev jZ[hlu: 1. Hij_^_e_gb_ wdki_jbf_glZevguo agZq_gbc dhwnnbpb_glh\ f_klguo ihl_jv \ kemqZ_ j_adh]h jZkrbj_gby, j_adh]h

km`_gby b ih\hjhlZ.

2. KhihklZ\e_gb_ wdki_jbf_glZevguo agZq_gbc k \uqbke_ggufb beb

kijZ\hqgufb agZq_gbyfb.

63

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

F_klgu_ ihl_jb gZihjZ ijhbkoh^yl gZ dhjhldbo mqZkldZo ljm[hijh\h^h\ \ j_amevlZl_ baf_g_gby kdhjhkl_c ihlhdZ ih \_ebqbg_ b gZijZ\e_gbx (jbk. 7.1).

Z)

Jbk. 7.1,Z

GZ wlbo mqZkldZo ijb lmj[me_glghf ^\b`_gbb gZ[ex^Z_lky hlju\ ljZgablghc kljmb hl kl_ghd jmkeZ k h[jZah\Zgb_f \Zevph\uo h[eZkl_c, \ dhlhjuo j_adh \ujZ`_g g_mklZgh\b\rbcky oZjZdl_j ^\b`_gby k \ha\jZlguf l_q_gb_f. < dhg_qguo k_q_gbyo \Zevph\uo h[eZkl_c gZ[ex^Zxlky dZd

64

ih\ur_ggZy imevkZpby kdhjhkl_c b ^Z\e_gbc, lZd b kbevgh ^_nhjfbjh\Zggu_ wixju hkj_^g_gguo kdhjhkl_c. GZ ijhly`_gbb g_dhlhjh]h mqZkldZ aZ \Zevph\hc h[eZklvx, dhlhjuc h[uqgh gZau\Zxl i_j_oh^guf, ijhbkoh^bl aZlmoZgb_ imevkZpbc b \ujZ\gb\Zgb_ wixju kdhjhkl_c. < [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ i_j_oh^gu_ mqZkldb gZ[ex^Zxlky b i_j_^ \Zevph\ufb h[eZklyfb.

=jZgbqgufb k_q_gbyfb mqZkldh\, gZ dhlhjuo ijhbkoh^yl f_klgu_ ihl_jb gZihjZ, ijbgylh kqblZlv l_ k_q_gby, ]^_ jZkij_^_e_gb_ hkj_^g_gguo kdhjhkl_c bf__l nhjfm, k\hckl\_ggmx jZ\ghf_jghfm ^\b`_gbx. Ihl_jb gZihjZ gZ jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo mqZkldZo hdZau\Zxlky [hevrbfb ih kjZ\g_gbx k ihl_jyfb, ijhbkoh^ysbfb ijb jZ\ghf_jghf ^\b`_gbb \ ljm[hijh\h^_ lh]h `_ k_q_gby.

F_klgZy ihl_jy gZihjZ gZ mqZkld_ ljm[hijh\h^Z y\ey_lky ^hihegbl_evghc d ihl_jyf gZihjZ ih ^ebg_ ijb jZ\ghf_jghf ^\b`_gbb gZ \k_o ijyfhebg_cguo mqZkldZo ihklhyggh]h k_q_gby, ijbfudZxsbo d jZkkfZljb\Z_fhfm mqZkldm.

MdZaZggmx ihl_jx gZihjZ ijbgylh \uqbkeylv ih nhjfme_ <_ck[ZoZ \ ^heyo kdhjhklgh]h gZihjZ (dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb):

V 2

] f_kl 2g , (7.1)

]^_ – [_ajZaf_jguc dhwnnbpb_gl f_klghc ihl_jb

(khijhlb\e_gby).

< kemqZyo, dh]^Z kdhjhklb ihlhdZ i_j_^ mqZkldhf k f_klguf khijhlb\e_gb_f b ihke_ g_]h jZaebqgu (gZijbf_j, km`_gb_ (jbk.7.1, Z) beb jZkrbj_gb_ ihlhdZ (jbk. 7.2.), ihl_jy gZihjZ h[uqgh \ujZ`Z_lky ^he_c kdhjhklgh]h gZihjZ aZ mdZaZgguf mqZkldhf.

65

Jbk. 7.2

< lmj[me_glguo ihlhdZo, dh]^Z f_klgZy ihl_jy gZihjZ h[mkeh\e_gZ h[jZah\Zgb_f \Zevph\uo h[eZkl_c k nbdkbjh\Zgghc lhqdhc hlju\Z ihlhdZ, fh`gh ijbgbfZlv agZq_gb_ ]f_kl ^ey ^Zggh]h f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby ihklhygguf b g_ aZ\bkysbf hl R_.

Ijb eZfbgZjghf ^\b`_gbb ijhbkoh^bl [_ahlju\gh_ h[l_dZgb_ f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby, dhwnnbpb_gl f_klghc ihl_jb aZ\bkbl lhevdh hl qbkeZ R_ b \ujZ`Z_lky nhjfmehc

:

] f_kl Re , (7.2)

]^_ : – hiulguc dhwnnbpb_gl, aZ\bkysbc \ hkgh\ghf hl \b^Z f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby.

:.>.:evlrmev j_dhf_g^m_l ^ey hij_^_e_gby dhwnnbpb_glh\ f_klguo ihl_jv ijb fZeuo agZq_gbyo qbkeZ J_cghev^kZ ke_^mxsmx nhjfmem:

66

]^_ ]f_kl.d\ - dhwnnbpb_gl khhl\_lkl\mxs_c f_klghc ihl_jb gZihjZ \ ahg_ d\Z^jZlbqgh]h khijhlb\e_gby.

< [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ ijb ih^kq_l_ f_klguo ihl_jv gZihjZ ih nhjfme_ (7.1) bkihevamxlky wfibjbq_kdb_ agZq_gby ] (qbke_ggu_ agZq_gby bo ijb\_^_gu \ g_dhlhjuo mq_[gbdZo b kijZ\hqguo ihkh[byo), h^gZdh \ hl^_evguo kemqZyo ^ey hij_^_e_gby hf_kl ihemq_gu l_hj_lbq_kdb_ j_r_gby.

H^gbf ba lZdbo kemqZ_\ y\ey_lky j_adh_ jZkrbj_gb_ ihlhdZ, ^ey dhlhjh]h njZgpmakdbf bg`_g_jhf ;hj^Z [ueZ ihemq_gZ ke_^mxsZy aZ\bkbfhklv:

h V1 V2 2 , (7.4)

j.j

2g

]^_ V1 b V2 – kj_^gb_ kdhjhklb ^\b`_gby \ ]jZgbqguo k_q_gbyo mqZkldh\ 1 – 1 b 2 – 2 (jbk. 7.2.).

Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh ijb \u\h^_ nhjfmeu (7.4) g_ mqblu\Zebkv kbeu \g_rg_]h lj_gby gZ mqZkld_ f_`^m k_q_gbyfb 1 – 1 b 2 – 2, djhf_ lh]h, ijbgbfZeky ]b^jhklZlbq_kdbc aZdhg jZkij_^_e_gby ^Z\e_gby \ k_q_gbb 1 – 1,

Z lZd`_ kqblZebkv jZ\gufb _^bgbp_ dhjj_dlb\u dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb b dhebq_kl\Z ^\b`_gby. < k\yab k wlb g_dhlhju_ Z\lhju \ nhjfmem (7.4) \\h^yl ihijZ\hqguc dhwnnbpb_gl, hij_^_ey_fuc hiulguf iml_f. <f_kl_ k l_f ijbgylh kqblZlv, qlh ihl_jy gZihjZ \ kemqZ_ j_adh]h jZkrbj_gby ljm[hijh\h^Z ijb Re > 3000 k ^hklZlhqguf ijb[eb`_gb_f \ujZ`Z_lky nhjfmehc ;hj^Z. :. =b[khg j_dhf_g^m_l \\h^blv \ l_hj_lbq_kdmx nhjfmem

(7.4) ihijZ\hqguc dhwnnbpb_gl k, hij_^_ey_fuc \ujZ`_gb_f

68

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

JZ[hlZ ih hij_^_e_gbx dhwnnbpb_glh\ f_klguo ihl_jv[ ijh\h^blky gZ ljm[hijh\h^_ i_j_f_ggh]h k_q_gby, hibkZgb_ dhlhjh]h ^Zgh \ jZ[hl_ 4.

GZ mdZaZgghf ljm[hijh\h^_ bf__lky jy^ f_klguo khijhlb\e_gbc: km`_gby b jZkrbj_gby, ih\hjhlu b aZihjgu_ mkljhckl\Z. I_j_^ dZ`^uf f_klguf khijhlb\e_gb_f b aZ gbf mklZgh\e_gu iv_ahf_lju, \u\_^_ggu_ gZ sblu.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.Ijh\_jy_lky hlkmlkl\b_ \ha^moZ \ iv_ahf_ljZo.

2.Ihke_ \dexq_gby gZkhkZ, ih^Zxs_]h \h^m \ gZihjguc [Zd, hldju\Z_lky \_glbev gZ ljm[hijh\h^_, [eZ]h^Zjy q_fm mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky g_dhlhjuc ihklhygguc jZkoh^, aZf_jy_fuc k ihfhsvx \h^hkeb\Z LhfkhgZ.

>Zggu_ ih hij_^_e_gbx jZkoh^Z \h^u \ ljm[hijh\h^_ aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm. (kf. lZ[e.4.1).

3. KgbfZxlky ihdZaZgby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo iv_ahf_ljh\ (^h f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby b ihke_ f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby). Hlkq_lu ih iv_ahf_ljZf aZghkylky \ lZ[ebpm 7.1.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. >ey dZ`^h]h hiulZ ih baf_j_gguf jZkoh^Zf Q b iehsZ^yf k_q_gbc ^h Z1 b ihke_ f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby Z2 \uqbkeyxlky kj_^gb_ kdhjhklb

ihlhdZ V1 b V2 , Z lZd`_ kdhjhklgu_ gZihju V12 b V22 . 2g 2g

2. Ih agZq_gbyf kdhjhklguo gZihjh\ b ihdZaZgbyf iv_ahf_ljh\ ih^kqblu\Zxlky ihegu_ m^_evgu_ wg_j]bb \ k_q_gbyo ^h b ihke_ f_klgh]h khijhlb\e_gby:

69

3. Ih jZaghklb iheguo m^_evguo wg_j]bc gZoh^ylky ihl_jb gZihjZ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo f_klguo khijhlb\e_gbyo:

4.K ihfhsvx nhjfmeu (7.9) ih^kqblu\Zxlky hiulgu_ agZq_gby dhwnnbpb_glh\ f_klguo ihl_jv.

5.GZc^_ggu_ hiulgu_ agZq_gby ] f_kl khihklZ\eyxlky kh

kijZ\hqgufb ^Zggufb.

<k_ j_amevlZlu \uqbke_gbc b kijZ\hqgu_ ^Zggu_ aZghkylky \

lZ[ebpm 7.1.

71

J:;HL: 8

HIJ?>?E?GB? DHWNNBPB?GL: IHE?AGH=H >?CKL<BY

=B>J:<EBQ?KDH=H L:J:G:

P_ev jZ[hlu. 1.HagZdhfe_gb_ k mkljhckl\hf b ijbgpbihf ^_ckl\by ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h lZjZgZ (=L).

2. Hij_^_e_gb_ DI> =L.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

=b^jZ\ebq_kdbc lZjZg (=L) – wlh \h^hih^t_fgZy, Z\lhfZlbq_kdb ^_ckl\mxsZy mklZgh\dZ, jZ[hlZ dhlhjhc hkgh\ZgZ gZ bkihevah\Zgbb wnn_dlZ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h m^ZjZ.

Hkgh\m dhgkljmdpbb =L khklZ\eyxl \h^hijb_fgbd 1 k ^\mfy deZiZgZfb

(gZihjguf 2 b k[jhkguf 3) b \ha^mrguf dheiZdhf 4 (jbk. 8.1).Q_j_a ih^\h^ysmx ljm[m 5 \h^hijb_fgbd 1 kh_^bgy_lky k \h^h_fhf 6, Z q_j_a gZ]g_lZl_evguc ljm[hijh\h^ 7 – k gZihjguf j_a_j\mZjhf 8.

Jbk. 8.1