praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_01

22

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

HiulgZy mklZgh\dZ (jbk.2.2) khklhbl ba pbebg^jbq_kdh]h kl_deyggh]h khkm^Z 1 jZ^bmkhf ro, \ dhlhjuc aZeb\Z_lky `b^dhklv, gZijbf_j ih^djZr_ggZy \h^Z.

Jbk 2.2

Khkm^ aZdj_ie_g \ h[hcf_ 2 b \jZsZ_lky \hdjm] \_jlbdZevghc hkb k ihklhygghc m]eh\hc kdhjhklvx ijb ihfhsb j_f_gghc i_j_^Zqb hl rdb\Z we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey 3. GZ^ khkm^hf gZ ki_pbZevghc ih^klZ\d_ 5 mklZgh\e_g b]hevqZluc mjh\g_f_j 7, dhlhjuc fh`_l i_j_^\b]Zlvky \ \_jlbdZevghf b ]hjbahglZevghf gZijZ\e_gbyo. Gme_\h_ ^_e_gb_ rdZeu Z[kpbkk 8, gZoh^ys_cky gZ ih^klZ\d_ 5, khhl\_lkl\m_l iheh`_gbx b]eu ih hkb \jZs_gby khkm^Z. B]hevqZluf mjh\g_f_jhf hij_^_eyxl dhhj^bgZlu hl^_evguo lhq_d k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb \jZsZxs_cky `b^dhklb \ f_jb^bhgZevghf k_q_gbb. Fhf_gl dZkZgby b]ehc k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb

23

`b^dhklb nbdkbjm_lky g_hgh\hc eZfihqdhc 6, \dexq_gghc ihke_^h\Zl_evgh \ we_dljhp_iv `b^dhklv – b]hevqZluc mjh\g_f_j.

>ey \bamZevgh]h hij_^_e_gby qZklhlu \jZs_gby khkm^Z \ \_jog_f dhevp_ h[hcfu bf__lky dhglZdl 4, dhlhjuc aZfudZ_l we_dljhp_iv gZ k^\bgmluc \ klhjhgm kl_gdb khkm^Z b]hevqZluc mjh\g_f_j h^bg jZa aZ h^bg h[hjhl khkm^Z. QZklhlm \jZs_gby khkm^Z fh`gh lZd`_ baf_jblv lZohf_ljhf.

DZd m`_ hlf_qZehkv, ^ey hij_^_e_gby dhhj^bgZl lhq_d k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb, beb mjh\gy `b^dhklb, \ ijZdlbd_ eZ[hjZlhjguo baf_j_gbc rbjhdh ijbf_gyxlky b]hevqZlu_ mjh\g_f_ju.

B]hevqZluc mjh\g_f_j (jbk.2.3) khklhbl ba kh[kl\_ggh b]eu 1, aZdj_ie_gghc gZ dhgp_ rlZg]b 3, \^hev dhlhjhc gZg_k_gZ fbeebf_ljh\Zy rdZeZ 4.

Jbk 2.3

GZ lhc `_ rlZg]_ aZdj_ie_gZ am[qZlZy j_cdZ 10. RlZg]Z ijb ihfhsb ih^t_fgh]h \bglZ 6, k dhlhjuf kh_^bg_gh am[qZlh_ dhevph, fh`_l i_j_f_sZlvky \\_jo b \gba \ ki_pbZevghc h[hcf_ 2. < ihke_^g_c ijhj_aZg ijyfhm]hevguc iZa, gZ h^ghc ba \_jlbdZevguo klhjhg dhlhjh]h bf__lky

24

ghgbmk 5. Ghgbmk iha\hey_l ^_eZlv hlkq_lu ih rdZe_ k lhqghklvx ^h 0,1 ff.

>ey ij_^mij_`^_gby kf_s_gby rlZg]b \ fhf_gl hlkq_lh\ \ h[hcf_ bf__lky klhihjguc \bgl 7. H[hcfZ 2 dj_iblky d ih^klZ\d_ 8, dhlhjZy fh`_l i_j_f_sZlvky \^hev gZijZ\eyxs_c jZfdb 9.

Hij_^_e_gb_ ]em[bgu `b^dhklb \ khkm^_ k ihfhsvx b]hevqZlh]h mjh\g_f_jZ hkms_kl\ey_lky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf. <jZs_gb_f ih^t_fgh]h \bglZ himkdZxl rlZg]m ^h khijbdhkgh\_gby b]eu k ^ghf khkm^Z. Ih rdZe_ k ihfhsvx ghgbmkZ ^_eZ_lky hlkq_l k lhqghklvx ^h 0,1 ff. AZl_f ih^gbfZxl rlZg]m \\_jo ^h \uoh^Z b]eu ba `b^dhklb b kgh\Z f_^e_ggh himkdZxl __ ^h khijbdhkgh\_gby hkljby b]eu kh k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklvx `b^dhklb.

AZdj_ieyxl rlZg]m \ wlhf iheh`_gbb b ih rdZe_ ijhba\h^yl hlkq_l.

JZaghklv hlkq_lh\, khhl\_lkl\mxsbo i_j\hfm b \lhjhfm iheh`_gbyf b]eu,

^Z_l ]em[bgm `b^dhklb \ khkm^_. Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh ijb lsZl_evghc gZ\h^d_ b]eu \ kemqZ_ kihdhcghc k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb hrb[dZ \ baf_j_gbyo g_ ij_\urZ_l 0,1 ff, l._. g_ ij_\urZ_l lhqghklb hlkq_lZ ih ghgbmkm.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1.<dexq_gb_f we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey \ k_lv khkm^ k `b^dhklvx ijb\h^yl \h \jZs_gb_. <u`b^Zxl g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy, ihdZ `b^dhklv \ khkm^_ g_ ijb^_l \ khklhygb_ hlghkbl_evgh]h jZ\gh\_kby, h q_f fh`gh km^blv ih klZ[bebaZpbb k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb.

2.LZohf_ljhf beb gZ[ex^_gb_f aZ qbkehf \kiur_d g_hgh\hc eZfihqdb \ hij_^_e_gguc ijhf_`mlhd \j_f_gb hij_^_eyxl qZklhlm \jZs_gby n khkm^Z.

3.GZ k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb \ f_jb^bhgZevghf k_q_gbb \u[bjZxl jy^ lhq_d, dhebq_kl\h dhlhjuo aZ\bkbl hl ^bZf_ljZ khkm^Z b djb\bagu k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb; bo Z[kpbkku r – djZlqZcrb_ jZkklhygby hl hkb \jZs_gby khkm^Z.

25

4.B]hevqZluf mjh\g_f_jhf hij_^_eyxl hlf_ldb ’i \ \u[jZgguo lhqdZo djb\hc k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb \ khkm^_.

5.>Zggu_ baf_j_gbc aZghkyl \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ]jZnu lZ[ebpu 2.1.

Ijbf_qZgby: QZklhlZ \jZs_gby khkm^Z n =

M]eh\Zy kdhjhklv \jZs_gby & =

Hlf_ldZ \_jrbgu iZjZ[hehb^Z ’0 =

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Ih gZc^_gghc qZklhl_ \jZs_gby n khkm^Z ih^kqblu\Zxl m]eh\mx kdhjhklv \jZs_gby

2. Ihevamykv nhjfmehc (2.2), \uqbkeyxl l_hj_lbq_kdb_ hj^bgZlu djb\hc k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb \ khkm^_:

\_jrbgu iZjZ[hehb^Z, ijbgylhc aZ gme_\mx lhqdm kbkl_fu dhhj^bgZl, hij_^_eyxl wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ agZq_gby hj^bgZl k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb \ khkm^_.

4. Ijhp_gl hldehg_gby wdki_jbf_glZevguo agZq_gbc hj^bgZl k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb hl l_hj_lbq_kdbo hij_^_eyxl ih \ujZ`_gbx

zhi / zl 1 ˜100% .

<k_ \uqbke_ggu_ agZq_gby lZd`_ aZghkyl \ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ]jZnu lZ[ebpu 2.1.

5. Ih ^Zgguf baf_j_gbc b \uqbke_gbc \uq_jqb\Zxlky wdki_jbf_glZevgZy b l_hj_lbq_kdZy djb\u_ k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb \ f_jb^bhgZevghf k_q_gbb khkm^Z. KjZ\g_gb_ wlbo djb\uo iha\hey_l km^blv h lhf, gZkdhevdh wdki_jbf_glZevgZy djb\Zy k\h[h^ghc ih\_joghklb `b^dhklb \ khkm^_ [ebadZ d l_hj_lbq_kdhc djb\hc, l._. d iZjZ[he_.

J:;HL: 3

BAMQ?GB? J?@BFH< ><B@?GBY @B>DHKLB

P_ev jZ[hlu. 1.MklZgh\e_gb_ wdki_jbf_glZevguf iml_f kms_kl\h\Zgby ^\mo j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby.

2.JZkq_l qbk_e J_cghev^kZ ijb eZfbgZjghf b lmj[me_glghf j_`bfZo ^\b`_gby.

27

3. Hij_^_e_gb_ mkeh\bc kf_gu j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby b jZkq_l djblbq_kdbo agZq_gbc kdhjhklb b qbkeZ J_cghev^kZ.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

Bkke_^h\Zgby, ijh\_^_ggu_ \ OIO \_d_ =.OZ]_ghf (=_jfZgby), >.B.

F_g^_e__\uf (Jhkkby), H. J_cghev^khf (:g]eby) b jy^hf ^jm]bo mq_guo iha\hebeb mklZgh\blv kms_kl\h\Zgb_ ^\mo ijbgpbibZevgh jZaguo j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby `b^dhklb – eZfbgZjgh]h b lmj[me_glgh]h. Wlb j_`bfu hlebqZxlky dZd ih oZjZdl_jm ^\b`_gby hl^_evguo qZklbp, lZd b ih ihl_jyf wg_j]bb \ ihlhd_ `b^dhklb.

Ijb eZfbgZjghf j_`bf_ bf__l f_klh kehbklh_ l_q_gb_. Ba kehy \ kehc qZklbpu `b^dhklb g_ i_j_oh^yl, ^\b`_gb_ bo ijhbkoh^bl iZjZee_evgh hkb ihlhdZ. LjZ_dlhjbb ^\b`_gby qZklbp kh\iZ^Zxl k ebgbyfb lhdZ, f_`^m kh[hc g_ i_j_k_dZxlky b q_ldh hij_^_eyxl ^\b`_gb_ hl^_evguo keh_\ \ ihlhd_ `b^dhklb. <hagbdZxsZy f_`^m kehyfb kbeZ lj_gby hij_^_ey_lky ih aZdhgm GvxlhgZ h \gmlj_gg_f lj_gbb.

Ijb lmj[me_glghf j_`bf_ ^\b`_gby qZklbpu `b^dhklb ^\b`mlky ih oZhlbq_kdbf ljZ_dlhjbyf \ l.q. b ihi_j_d hkgh\gh]h ihlhdZ. Ihke_^g__ h[_ki_qb\Z_l bgl_gkb\gh_ i_j_f_rb\Zgb_ h[t_fh\ `b^dhklb, khijh\h`^Z_fh_ imevkZpbyfb kdhjhkl_c b ^Z\e_gby \ ^Zgghc lhqd_ ihlhdZ.

QZklhlZ imevkZpbb, \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl mkeh\bc l_q_gby, fh`_l ho\Zlu\Zlv rbjhdbc ^bZiZahg, baf_gyxsbcky hl (5-10) =p ^h (50-100) d=p.

EZfbgZjguc j_`bf hlf_qZ_lky ij_bfms_kl\_ggh ijb ^\b`_gbb `b^dhklb ih\ur_gghc \yadhklb (g_nlv, [blmf, kfZahqgu_ fZkeZ b l.^.) beb ijb ^\b`_gbb fZeh\yadhc `b^dhklb (gZijbf_j, \h^Z) k g_[hevrhc kdhjhklvx, \ dZibeeyjZo, \ ihjZo ]jmglZ b l.^.

< [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ bg`_g_jghc ijZdlbdb ijb ^\b`_gbb fZeh\yadbo `b^dhkl_c bf__l f_klh lmj[me_glguc j_`bf ^\b`_gby.

28

Ijh]ghabjh\Zgb_ mkeh\bc j_ZebaZpbb lh]h beb bgh]h j_`bfZ

^\b`_gby, mklZgh\e_gb_ fhf_glZ bo kf_gu bf__l \Z`gh_ agZq_gb_ ^ey bg`_g_jghc ijZdlbdb. LZd, gZijbf_j, bgl_gkb\gh_ i_j_f_rb\Zgb_ h[t_fh\ `b^dhklb, bf_xs__ f_klh ijb lmj[me_glghf j_`bf_ ^\b`_gby, k h^ghc klhjhgu h[_ki_qb\Z_l [he__ wnn_dlb\gh_ ijhl_dZgb_ ijhp_kkh\ l_ieh- b fZkkhh[f_gZ, Z k ^jm]hc klhjhgu ijb\h^bl d agZqbl_evghfm \hajZklZgbx ihl_jv wg_j]bb \ ihlhd_ `b^dhklb.

Ijb wlhf ke_^m_l hlf_lblv, qlh, _keb ihl_jb wg_j]bb \ eZfbgZjghf

iha\hey_l mklZgh\blv j_`bf ^\b`_gby. >ey pbebg^jbq_kdhc ljm[u aZ\bkbfhklv ^ey jZkq_lZ qbkeZ J_cghev^kZ bf__l \b^

]^_ ! - iehlghklv `b^dhklb; V - kj_^gyy kdhjhklv; d - \gmlj_ggbc ^bZf_lj ljm[u; - ^bgZfbq_kdbc dhwnnbpb_gl \yadhklb `b^dhklb.

Mqblu\Zy, qlh dbg_fZlbq_kdbc dhwnnbpb_gl \yadhklb `b^dhklb

= /!, nhjfmeZ ^ey jZkq_lZ qbkeZ J_cghev^kZ fh`_l [ulv ij_^klZ\e_gZ \ ke_^mxs_f \b^_

>ey ihlhdh\ \ dZgZeZo g_djm]eh]h k_q_gby b ^ey ljm[, jZ[hlZxsbo g_iheguf k_q_gb_f ([_agZihjgh_ l_q_gb_) qbkeh J_cghev^kZ hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_

Ba ZgZebaZ, ijh\_^_ggh]h gZ hkgh\_ l_hjbb ih^h[by ke_^m_l, qlh qbkeh

J_cghev^kZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc hlghr_gb_ kbe bg_jpbb d kbeZf \yadhklgh]h

lj_gby, ^_ckl\mxsbf \ ihlhd_ `b^dhklb. >h l_o ihj, ihdZ \ ihlhd_

ij_\Zebjmxl kbeu \yadhklb, ^\b`_gb_ `b^dhklb [m^_l kehbkluf, l._. eZfbgZjguf. ?keb `_ ^_ckl\b_ kbe lj_gby hdZau\Z_lky g_^hklZlhqguf, qlh[u mjZ\gh\_rb\Zlv \hajZklZxsb_ k jhklhf kdhjhklb kbeu bg_jpbb, lh eZfbgZjgh_ l_q_gb_ klZgh\blky g_mklhcqb\uf b \ ihlhd_ gZqbgZxl

jZa\b\Zlvky \hafms_gby (oZhlbqgu_ imevkZpbb `b^dhklb, h[mkeh\e_ggu_

i_j_oh^hf qZklbp ba h^gh]h kehy \ ^jm]hc), oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey lmj[me_glgh]h j_`bfZ ^\b`_gby.

DeZkkbq_kdb_ hiulu H.J_cghev^kZ (1868].) ihdZaZeb, qlh i_j_oh^ hl h^gh]h j_`bfZ d ^jm]hfm ijhbkoh^bl ijb hij_^_e_gghc kdhjhklb, dhlhjmx

J_cghev^kZ iha\hebeb mklZgh\blv, qlh \_ebqbgZ R_dj g_ aZ\bkbl hl jh^Z `b^dhklb b ^ey gZihjgh]h l_q_gby \ ljm[Zo djm]eh]h k_q_gby R_dj = 2320.

>ey ihlhdh\ \ dZgZeZo g_djm]eh]h k_q_gby kf_gZ j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby ijhbkoh^bl ijb qbke_ J_cghev^kZ R_dj(R), \_ebqbgZ dhlhjh]h, mqblu\Zy, qlh ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc jZ^bmk R = d/4, jZ\gZ

R_dj(R) = 2320/4 = 580.

30

Ijb ijh\_^_gbb ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo jZkq_lh\ mklZgh\e_gb_ j_`bfZ ^\b`_gby hkms_kl\ey_lky iml_f kjZ\g_gby qbkeZ J_cghev^kZ, ih^kqblZggh]h ih nhjfmeZf (3.1) - (3.3), k khhl\_lkl\mxs_c \_ebqbghc djblbq_kdh]h qbkeZ J_cghev^kZ.

Ijb R_ < R_dj j_`bf ^\b`_gby kqblZ_lky eZfbgZjguf, ijb R_ > R_dj – lmj[me_glguf.

Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh mkljZgyy jZaebqgu_ nZdlhju, dhlhju_ \ghkyl \hafms_gby \ ihlhd `b^dhklb (g_ieZ\guc \oh^ \ ljm[m, \g_rgyy \b[jZpby, r_jhoh\Zlhklv kl_ghd b l.^.) fh`gh «aZlygmlv» j_`bf eZfbgZjgh]h ^\b`_gby ^h qbk_e J_cghev^kZ, agZqbl_evgh ij_\urZxsbo

R_dj, gZijbf_j, ^ey djm]euo ljm[ – ^h R_ = 50000. H^gZdh lZdhc eZfbgZjguc j_`bf y\ey_lky g_mklhcqb\uf b ijb fZe_cr_f \hafms_gbb hg f]gh\_ggh i_j_oh^bl \ lmj[me_glguc.

Ijb R_ < R_dj \ eZfbgZjghf ihlhd_, ijbf_gyy jZaebqgu_ \ha^_ckl\by f_oZgbq_kdh]h b ]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ, fh`gh bkdmkkl\_ggh \ua\Zlv lmj[me_glgh_ l_q_gb_. H^gZdh ijb hlkmlkl\bb \hafmsZxsbo \ha^_ckl\bc eZfbgZjguc j_`bf [ukljh \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky, qlh ijhbkoh^bl \ hkgh\ghf [eZ]h^Zjy ^_ckl\bx kbe \yadhklgh]h lj_gby. L._. ijb R_ < R_dj lmj[me_glgh_ l_q_gb_ y\ey_lky g_mklhcqb\uf. Ihwlhfm \ bg`_g_jghc ijZdlbd_ mdZaZggu_ \ur_ djblbq_kdb_ agZq_gby qbkeZ J_cghev^kZ (R_dj = 2320 b R_dj(R) = 580) ijbgbfZxlky \ dZq_kl\_ \_jog_c ]jZgbpu ^ey eZfbgZjgh]h j_`bfZ ^\b`_gby b gb`g_c ]jZgbpu ^ey lmj[me_glgh]h j_`bfZ ^\b`_gby.

Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m, qlh jZa\blh_ lmj[me_glgh_ ^\b`_gb_ \ pbebg^jbq_kdbo ljm[Zo mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ebrv ijb R_ • 2800, Z ijb R_

=2320-2800 \ h^ghf b lhf `_ k_q_gbb ljm[u fh`_l ijhbkoh^blv q_j_^h\Zgb_ eZfbgZjgh]h b lmj[me_glgh]h j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby y\e_gb_ i_j_f_`Z_fhklb).

H^gZdh \ ijZdlbq_kdbo jZkq_lZo wlh y\e_gb_ g_ mqblu\Z_lky b ijbgbfZ_lky, qlh ijb R_ > 2320 bf__l f_klh lmj[me_glguc j_`bf ^\b`_gby.

31

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

HiulgZy mklZgh\dZ ^ey bamq_gby j_`bfh\ ^\b`_gby `b^dhklb

(bgh]^Z gZau\Z_fZy ijb[hjhf J_cghev^kZ) khklhbl ba gZihjgh]h [ZdZ 1 (jbk. 3.1) b ijbkh_^bg_gghc d g_fm kl_deygghc ljm[db 2 k djZghf 3.

Jbk. 3.1

GZ^ gZihjguf [Zdhf kfhglbjh\Zg g_[hevrhc j_a_j\mZj 4, aZiheg_gguc ih^djZr_gghc `b^dhklvx, dhlhjZy fh`_l ihklmiZlv ih kl_deygghc ljm[d_

5 ijb hldjulbb djZgZ 6 \ ljm[m 2. < gZihjghf [Zd_ \uiheg_gZ \_jlbdZevgZy kiehrgZy i_j_]hjh^dZ 7, jZa^_eyxsZy [Zd gZ ^\Z hlk_dZ 8 b

9. Ih^dexq_gb_ gZihjgh]h [ZdZ d \h^hijh\h^ghc k_lb hkms_kl\ey_lky k ihfhsvx ljm[hijh\h^Z 10, hkgZs_ggh]h \_glbe_f 11.

>ey mkljZg_gby \heghh[jZah\Zgby gZ ih\_joghklb \h^u, i_j_l_dZxs_c q_j_a i_j_]hjh^dm 7 ba hlk_dZ 8 \ hlk_d 9, \ gZihjghf [Zd_ mklZgh\e_gZ i_jnhjbjh\ZggZy i_j_]hjh^dZ 12 (hl\_jklby ^bZf_ljhf 5-7 ff jZ\ghf_jgh jZkiheh`_gu ih ih\_joghklb i_j_]hjh^db 12). <h ba[_`Zgb_ i_j_iheg_gby gZihjgh]h [ZdZ \ g_f kfhglbjh\ZgZ keb\gZy

ljm[Z 13.