Относительные местоимения

К относительным местоимениям относятся:

who - который (по отношению к людям);

which - который (по отношению к неодушевленным предметам);

that - который (по отношению к людям и неодушевленным предметам).

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in southwestern England that dates from the late Stone and early Bronze ages (about 3000-1000 bc).

Some thought that the Romans constructed the monument.

Peter the Great or Peter I (1672-1725) was the emperor of Russia (1682-1725) who is linked with the Westernization of Russia and its rise as a great power.

Местоимения who и that употребляются в эмфатической конструкции It is … who (that)… - It is he who helped them. Это он помог им.

Ex.14. Use “who”, “which” or “that” in the blanks.

1. Orenburg is a modern prosperous city … stands on the Ural River. 2. Сommercial prestige came to town with trade up the river Ural … developed into one of the busiest trade routes in Russia. 3. Traffic has become a great problem … is necessary to solve. 4. That is the person … told me the way. 5. It is Peter the Great … gave his name to the city. 6. The bridge … you see is of historic value.

Формальное подлежащее “it”

Местоимение “it” имеет некоторые особенности употребления.

1. Оно заменяет существительные, обозначающие неодушевленные предметы, а также некоторые одушевленные существительные, пол которых неизвестен. 1) Don’t disturb the baby. It is sound asleep. 2) He has bought a new computer. It is versatile.

2. В качестве формального подлежащего при обозначении:

а) времени. What time is it? – It is 7.15. What date is it today? – It is the seventh of November. What day of the week is it? – It is Saturday.

б) расстояния. How far is it from here? – It’s a five minute walk. It’s a twenty mile distance from London.

в) погоды. What is the weather like today? – It is warm but windy. It is raining.

г) температуры. It is stuffy in this room. What is the temperature? – It is 27⁰ C.

3. В качестве формального подлежащего с глаголами, выражающими сомнение, вероятность, случайность и т.д. 1) It seems that he is ill. Кажется, он болен. 2) It appears to be true. Кажется, это правда.

4. Для эмфазы, т.е. для большей выразительности, если за ним следует придаточное предложение. 1) It is he who (that) broke the window. Это он разбил окно. 2) It is here that we see the tombs of King Henry VIII and Charles I. Именно в этом месте можно увидеть могилы королей Генриха VIII и Карла I.

5. Как указательное местоимение (= this).

- What is this?

– It’s an English-Russian dictionary. Это англо-русский словарь.

6. В следующих конструкциях, где оно вводит настоящее подлежащее:

It is difficult to learn grammar rules without examples. - Трудно учить правила грамматики без примеров.

It was terrific to learn more of this country. - Было здорово узнать побольше об этой стране.

Ex.15. Translate into English using “it”.

1. Что это? - Это мой новый электронный словарь. 2. Какое сегодня число? - Сегодня пятое октября. 3. Какой сегодня день недели? – Четверг. 4. В коридоре очень шумно. Кажется, идет перемена. 5. Зимой часто идет снег, а летом бывает очень жарко. 6. Какая сегодня погода? – Тепло и солнечно. 7. Наш город – Оренбург. Он был основан в 1743 году. 8. Нелегко переводить с русского языка на английский. 9. Именно они помогли нам добиться успехов. 10. Было приятно познакомиться с вами.

Ex.16. Translate into Russian. 1. It was nice to see your family. 2. It is difficult to qualify for this job. 3. It happened last week. 4. It was Clair who helped me to cope with it. 5. It’s your turn to answer the question. 6. It seems to be clear now. 7. It is interesting to note that the sea has always been important for Great Britain. 8. London is the capital of the UK. It is the financial centre as well. 9. It often rains in autumn and spring. 10. Is it snowing? No, it’s raining heavily. 11. It is nice to live in a big house with a big garden. 12. Some people believe that learning is a long and labour-intensive process. It’s true. 13. It is likely to snow next week. 14. It is a good hotel which he likes a lot.

Many, much, few, little

исчисляемые существительные	неисчисляемые существительные
many – много, многие	much - много
а few – несколько	a little – немного, некоторое количество
few – мало (недостаточно), немногие	little - мало (недостаточно)

Examples: Few people can travel abroad. There are a few books on the desk. I don’t know which are yours. There is little snow this year. Little is known of the relations between the Britons and their conquerors between 85 and 115.

Наречие much употребляется для усиления – «гораздо», «намного». It is much more convenient to travel by car. Ездить на машине гораздо удобнее. A plane is much faster than a train.

В разговорной речи вместо many и much употребляют a lot: There were a lot of our friends at the party. – How did you like it? – A lot!

В отрицательных предложениях в официальной речи нельзя употреблять a lot, вместо него следует говорить not many, not much: There are not many monuments left. Not many students can afford to rent a flat.

Ex.17. Use many, much, a few, a little, few, little, a lot where necessary. 1. There was … rain last autumn, so I practically never took an umbrella with me. 2. Оnly … students wrote the test with no mistakes at all. 3. … rivers in GB flow in the eastward direction since the west coast is mountainous. 4. … parts of highland Britain have only thin, poor soils. 5. How did you like your trip? – Not … . It was raining all days long. 6. How … time do you spend at the gym? 7. How … photos do you have on your mobile? 8. How … time do you spend on the Internet? 9. The south of England is called “the Garden of England” because there are … gardens and orchards there. 10. There is … hope, but still don’t give up.

Ex.18. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the use of “many, much, a few, a little, few, little, a lot”.

A: Hello! I haven’t seen you for ages.

B: Hi! I was out of town.

A: So what’s the news?

B: I have so much to tell you. I have never had so much enjoyable time in the countryside. There were very few campers there, so it was quiet and peaceful.

A: I’m afraid I envy you a lot. I’ve been in town all the summer. So there is not much to tell you about my holiday. There was little time to enjoy the nature. I had a lot to do virtually every day.