Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)

to be + V₃ (V+ed)

Страдательный залог используется, когда факт или предмет действия представляет больший интерес, чем само лицо; когда действующее лицо неизвестно или упоминание о нем по каким-то причинам считается ненужным. E.g. English is spoken in many countries of the world. She was asked on the phone.

Страдательный залог образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в нужном времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола, где изменяемой частью является глагол to be.

Present simple: This book is published in Orenburg. / These books are published in Orenburg.

Present continuous: Another book is being published now. / Other books are being published in Orenburg currently.

Present perfect: This book has been published recently. / These books have been published recently.

Past simple: This book was published last year.

Past continuous: This book was being published from June till July last year. / These books were being published in Orenburg at that time.

Past perfect: These books had been published before the magazine.

Future simple: This book will be published again next May.

Future perfect: This book will have been published by next September.

Подлежащее в страдательном залоге образуется от дополнения в действительном залоге: He offered me a nice range of goods. – I was offered a nice range of goods by him. He offered me a nice range of goods. – A nice range of goods was offered to me.

В страдательном залоге подлежащее не выполняет действие, а испытывает его на себе: e.g. Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. – Великобритания омывается Атлантическим океаном.

Предлог by передает, кем или чем совершается действие: The study was conducted by Incom in 2009.

Предлог with передает, с помощью чего, каким инструментом совершается действие: The letter was written with a pen.

Глаголы в страдательном залоге переводятся на русский язык:

1) глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия: Our university was founded in 1919. – Наш университет был основан в 1919 году.

2) глаголом с частицей - ся (сь): She was expected to come. – Ожидалось, что она придет.

3) неопределенно-личным оборотом: He was asked on the phone. – Его позвали к телефону.

4) глаголом в действительном залоге при наличии исполнителя действия:

The clown was laughed at by all children. – Все дети смеялись над клоуном.

Страдательный залог употребляется в конструкциях с формальным подлежащим it и глаголами, обозначающими физическое или умственное восприятие, предложение, приказ, просьбу, решение, запрет и т.д. Такие предложения переводятся с помощью вводного выражения.

It is said he turned down the offer. Говорят, он отклонил предложение.

It is known that water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. Известно, что вода состоит из кислорода и водорода.

They are expected to win the election. Ожидают, что они победят на выборах. (см. Сложное Подлежащее)

Ex.81. Mind the sentences in the Passive Voice and explain the use.

The TV is broken

We are very upset. Our TV is broken. The TV repairman was called by our parents, but he couldn’t come yesterday. Some other TVs were being fixed by him at that time. He is expected to come today but he can’t come either. His car is broken. And he won’t be able to come tomorrow because he is invited to a birthday party and he will be out of town. We are afraid we won’t be able to watch TV the whole week. We hope a new TV will be bought then.

Ex. 82. Translate into Russian.

1. Windsor Castle was founded by William the Conqueror. 2. Viewing is restricted on Sundays. 3. This impressive castle has been occupied by the royal family for over 900 years. 4. The British climate is often unjustly criticized. 5. The rains are brought on to the British Isles by the winds. 6. Practically the whole south and most of the east of the island of Great Britain is occupied by the lowlands. 7. This part of the country is called Yorkshire Dales. 8. The British Isles were originally covered with forests. 9. The term Oxbridge is used to refer to Oxford and Cambridge. 10. Along with the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries, the IMF reform plans are supported by Britain, Germany, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Mexico. 11. Our city was known was known as Chkalov from 1938 to 1957. 12. Yemelyan Pugachev and his co-conspirators were executed in Moscow on January 10, 1775.

Ex. 83. Fill in the blanks.

1 He much (speak) about last year. 2 The students (give) a lot of homework yesterday. 3 Our city (visit) by foreign guests every year. 4 The problem (discuss) at the meeting now. 5 Many books (publish) by this writer for three years, another one (publish) next year. 6 The experiment (complete) last June. 7 He (knock down) by a car. 8 His lecture (listen to) with great interest. 9 Many new department stores (build) annually all over the country. 10 Russia (wash) by 12 seas of 3 oceans. 11 Orenburg (situate) in the steppe zone. 12 The children (take) to museums during last summer holidays. 13 He said the power station (complete) in 4 years.