Предлоги

Это служебные слова, которые указывают на отношение существительного, местоимения, числительного или герундия к другим словам в предложении.

В русском языке это отношение выражается посредством падежных окончаний или предлогов и падежных окончаний. В английском языке отсутствуют падежные окончания, и их роль выполняют предлоги.

По значению они делятся на предлоги места, времени и движения. Вот наиболее употребительные:

Предлоги места	Предлоги времени	Предлоги направления и движения
above– над below– ниже against– на фоне, у at– в, на, у by– у, рядом, около in – в, на in front of – перед near– около opposite– напротив under– под оn– на between – между beside – около inside – в, внутри near – около next to – рядом с opposite - напротив outside - снаружи among- среди before- перед	before– до, перед after– после at– в, на, при, во время during– во время for– в течение from…to (till) – с…дo in – в since– с within– в течение, за by- к past- после	across– через along– по, вдоль around/about– по, вокруг down– вниз from–от, из, с, у into– в, внутрь off– с, с поверхности out of – из, изнутри over – через through– сквозь, через to– к, в, на towards- – к, в, на up– вверх past– мимо round- вокруг Предлоги withиby+ сущ. или местоимение передают творительный падеж.

Remember: at 6.15 p.m., at the weekend, on Monday, on week-days, in 2007.

Remember: 7.00 – seven o’clock, 7.05 – five (minutes) past seven, 7.15 – (a) quarter past seven, 7.30 – half past seven, 7.40 – twenty (minutes) to eight, 7.45 – (a) quarter to eight.

Ex.34. Translate into Russian:

1 I lost the key to my room. 2 Take care of yourself. 3 She did the translation by herself. 4. They decorated the walls of the room with nice pictures. 5 Give this medicine to your mother. 6 Our university is in the centre of the town. 7 The bus-stop is in front of my house. 8 Take your pens and copy-books out of your bags. 9 He came from the university, left his bag and went to the gym. 10 I don’t usually come home before 3.30 p.m. 11 The first class begins at 8 a.m. and we stay at the university till 3 p.m.

Ex.35. Fill in the blanks. Use the suitable prepositions. 1 Put your books … your bags. 2 Take your rulers, pens, pencils and copy-books … your bags and get ready … the lesson. 3 Look … the words … the blackboard. 4 When you answer the topic, don’t look … your copy-books. 5 There is a light fixture … the desks … the classroom. 6 I go … the university … Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. 7 We have holidays … summer and winter. 8 At classes we sit … the desks and our professor is … the blackboard. 9 Steve isn’t … work today. 10 I’ll be back … two hours. 11 If you don’t know the words look them up … the dictionary. 12 I come home … the university …6 p.m.

The Present Simple

Если в предложении не происходит никакого действия, то используется глагол-связка to be в нужной форме, за которым следует прилагательное, существительное, местоимение, числительное, иногда наречие:

Positive form	Negative form	Questions
I am – I’m	I am not = I’m not	Am I?
You are = You’re	You are not = You aren’t	Are you?
We are = We’re	We are not = We aren’t	Are we?
They are = They’re	They are not= They aren’t	Are they?
He is = He’s	He is not = He isn’t	Is he?
She is = She’s	She is not = She isn’t	Is she?
It is = It’s	It is not = It isn’t	Is it?

Examples: I am Mark / a first-year student / eighteen / from Russia /at college / at home / tired / busy / good at basketball / bad at Maths / brilliant at History. He is my fellow student. We are friends. He is eighteen. They are happy to see you. She is at home. You are good at swimming. It is warm today. It’s 5 p.m. It’s me. It’s the seventh of September. It’s Wednesday.

В вопросах используется обратный порядок слов (инверсия):

Is it cold today? Are they students? Is he eighteen? Are they happy?

Смысловые глаголы в Present Simple имеют следующие формы:

V₁

V_{1 +} s (-es)

+ Water boils at 100⁰C.

- The sun does not rise in the west.

? Does water boil at 70⁰C?

Это время обозначает действия, которые происходят обычно, регулярно, постоянно. Это констатация факта совершения действия в настоящем.

Глагол в настоящем простом времени имеет форму инфинитива без частицы “to” – V₁, например: to swim– плавать. I swim well.

В 3 лице ед.ч. к глаголу добавляется суффикс –s (-es): She swims well. Sandy goes to school. It means a change of the situation is possible.

В вопросах и отрицаниях нужен вспомогательный глагол do или в 3 л. ед. ч. does dΛz перед подлежащим, а за ним смысловой глагол в первой форме (инфинитив без частицы “to”): Do you know this person? Does your friend know this person?

Positive form	Negative form	Question
I study English	I do not study French	Do I study English?
You study English	You do not study French	Do you study English?
We study English	We do not study French	Do we study English?
They study English	They do not study French	Do they study English?
He studies English	He does not study French	Does he study English?
She studies English	She does not study French	Does she study English?
It (the group) studies English	It does not study French	Does it study English?

В разговорной речи в отрицаниях используется сокращенная форма – do not V₁ = don’t V_1, does not V₁ = doesn’t V_1.

Суффикс –s читается:

s после глухих согласных: works, gets, types, stops, lifts, rents, etc.;

z после гласных и звонких согласных: falls, describes, receives, tries, etc.

Суффикс –es прибавляется, если глагол оканчивается на:

-o – goes, does;

-y после согласной, при этом она меняется на i, - studies, flies, tries, applies;

-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x, -ce, -ge, при этом –es читается Iz - changes, passes, watches, misses, faces, fixes, catches, enlarges, etc.

Глагол to have в 3 л. eд.ч. имеет форму has: He has a good educational background. The students have three or four classes a day.

Positive	Negative	Question
I have	I do not have	Do I have?
You have	You do not have	Do you have?
We have	We do not have	Do we have?
They have	They do not have	Do they have?
He has	He does not have	Does he have?
She has	She does not have	Does she have?
It has	It does not have	Does it have?

В разговорной речи распространена форма have got = ’ve got, has got= ’s got, в отрицаниях соответственно haven’t got и hasn’t got: I’ve got a good friend. I haven’t got a brother. She’s got a lot of friends. She hasn’t got an iPad.

Однако когда речь идет о регулярности/периодичности действий, используем have/has. She has English twice a week. We have History classes every day. Students sometimes have lunch at a cafe.

Запомните, что в вопросе к подлежащему вспомогательный глагол не используется, а сказуемое имеет форму 3 л. ед. ч. Who constantly complains of traffic jams? What helps you to relieve stress?

Указатели времени-наречия often, frequently, occasionally, never, sometimes, usually, always, constantly, seldom, rarely, hardly ever используются перед смысловым глаголом. He often goes to the gym. Выражения every day/week/month/year, on weekdays, twice a year, daily, at the weekend/at weekends, from time to time, on a regular basis, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night часто используются в конце предложения: He goes to the gym every day.

Глагол в настоящем простом времени может выражать будущие действия:

1) по официальному расписанию, приказу, особенно если речь идет о поездках. We leave for Moscow next week. We take an exam next May.

2. в придаточных предложениях:

   1. времени (после союзов when, after, before, as soon as, till, until, while): e.g. Learn the rules when you come home. I can join you as soon as I get the tickets.

   2. условия (после союзов if, in case, provided, on condition that, unless): e.g. If I have some time, I’ll call you. It’ll be alright provided John can help. I shall not go unless the weather is fine.

   3. уступки (после союзов even if, even though, whatever, however, no matter how, etc.): Even if it rains, we’ll go to the cinema. Whatever he says, they won't believe him. He will cope with the task no matter how challenging it is.

При этом сказуемое в главном предложении употребляется в одном из будущих времен, в повелительном наклонении или в настоящем времени с модальным глаголом.

Стативные глаголы (выражают не действие, а состояние) употребляются в Present Simple вместо Present continuous:

• be, exist, contain, consist of - e.g. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. Does life exist on Mars? He is busy, don’t disturb him.

• belong to, have, possess, own, include, lack – e.g. Who does this work belong to? He has two cars and a yacht. Your stay at this hotel includes breakfast. He lacks confidence.

• adore, love, like, hate, enjoy, dislike, despise, detest, envy, pity, prefer, trust – e.g. What do you want for your main course? I like this music, but my friend hates it.

• want, wish, desire, need – e.g. I need your advice. We want to use computers in the class.

- think, believe, doubt, consider, imagine, suppose, expect, feel (=think), forget, understand, realize, know, intend, mean, remember, see (=understand), recognize – e.g. Do you really doubt it? Does he know what we mean? I don’t remember the address. Most people don’t believe in the existence of UFOs. What does it mean? I don’t remember her name.

• appear, resemble, seem – e.g. He seems tired. She resembles her mother.

• concern, depend on, deserve, fit, matter, measure, mind, weigh, cost – e.g. He weighs 100 kilos. Does this decision depend on him?

• see, hear, feel, smell, taste, etc. – e.g. The soup tastes salty. The room smells nice. Эти глаголы часто употребляются с модальным глаголом can, который на русский язык не переводится: Can you see well from there? Can you hear me?

Но если стативный глагол меняет свое значение, он может употребляться в present continuous:

be	He is very responsible.	I wonder why he is being very nice to me today. (= is behaving, нетипичное поведение)
have	They have three homes and a yacht.	have a shower /a bath / a party / a drink / a smoke / a good time / breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper, etc. I’m having a really good time, thanks. (=am experiencing)
see	I see many familiar faces here.	I’m seeing my partners from New York in the evening. (=am meeting)
think	I think the world’s problems are getting worse.	I’m thinking of buying a new laptop. (=am considering)
mean	The sign means “slow down”.	You’re always meaning to call us, but you never do. (=are intending)
appear	It appears the police have not started the investigation.	This popular group is appearing at the Palladium. (=are performing)
weigh	She weighs 56 kilos.	I’m weighing the ingredients for the cake. (=action of weighing)

Ex. 36. Choose the correct variant. I (like, likes) sport and music. 2. They (go, goes) to Moscow next week. 3. If the weather (change, changes) for the better we will go to the park. 4. (Do, Does) your friend live in Sochi or in London? 5. When (do, does) you usually have dinner? 6. How (do, does) they get to the university? 7. Who (speak, speaks) English well? 8. We (don’t, doesn’t) enjoy this climate.9. Does Nick (have, has) my CD? 10. Who (have, has) an extra copy of the text? 11. She usually (do, does) the shopping on Sundays. 12. You (know, knows) my address, (don’t, doesn’t) you? 13. She (am, is, are) good at English. 14. (Do, Does, Are) his friends fond of computer games?

Ex. 37. Put the verb in the correct form to complete the dialogue.

Example: What she (do) if she (get) ill? - What will she do if she gets ill?

A: But what (happen) if she (lose) her passport?

B: Well, if she (do), she (go) to the Embassy.

A: If Jack (be) late, you (get) angry?

B: No, but if he (be) late, I (not wait) for him.

A: If Nancy (lose) her money, what she (do)?

B: She (call) us if that (happen).

A: If Pat (ask) you to her party, you (go)?

B: Yes. And if I (go), you (come) with me?

Ex. 38. 1) Choose the right form of the verbs.

A student at James’s School tell/tells us about what he like/likes about his English course.

My name are/is/am Jessica and I are/am/is a student at a language school in Brighton. The students at this school is/are from different countries. I is/am in a class with students from Japan, Germany, Italy and Russia. It am/is really so interesting to meet so many different people. Our classes is/are always great fun. We always speaks/speak English together because it am/is/are the best way to learn.

1. Read the email and reply.

Hi Maria

Nice to hear from you again. You ask me to write more about myself. Well, I’m 24 and I’m British. I live in a small flat in south London and I work for a big computer company in central London. I travel to work on the underground . I sometimes work at home. I drink a lot of coffee.

What else can I tell you about myself? My family live in Brighton, on the south coast of England. I play football and basketball three times a week and watch the best matches on TV. My favourite food is Mexican. I’m lucky because my brother works in a Mexican restaurant, so eat there when I visit my family. I study Italian in my free time because one day I want to live in Italy.

Please write and tell me about yourself.

John

The Present Continuous

am

is V₁ + ing

are

+ It is raining.

- It is not raining.

? Is it raining?

1. Это время описывает процесс, происходящий непосредственно в момент речи или в этот период времени. Указателями the Present Continuous являются: today, this week, now, at present, at the moment, still, just, e.g. Where are you going? – I’m going to my judo class.

Lesley is reading a thrilling book. Don’t disturb him.

2. The Present Continuous передает изменения, происходящие в этот период времени: The climate is getting warmer. Unemployment is growing. Our computer is getting out of date, we need a new one.

3. Это время может передавать личные намерения, касающиеся ближайшего будущего:

I’m playing tennis at the weekend. We’re seeing the Raynolds tonight.

4. Временное состояние:

She’s staying with her parents as she’s renovating her flat.

Запомните:

lie – lying, die – dying, tie – tying, vie – vying;

travel – travelling;

run – running, stop – stopping, sit – sitting, begin – beginning, etc;

take – taking, skate – skating, make – making, etc;

study – studying, fly – flying, play – playing, reply – replying, etc.

Ex.39. Answer the questions: 1. Are you studying English or French this year? 2. It is snowing, isn’t it? 3. What are you doing now? 4. Is it getting warmer or colder? 5. Are you going anywhere after classes? 6. Who is coming to visit you at Christmas?

Ex.40. Put in verbs in the Present Continuous or the Present Simple.

Nora Mill is an environmentalist. She is being interviewed by a journalist.

J.: Well, why is it so important to save the rainforests?

N.: I’m sure you’ve heard of global warming?

J.: You (mean) the idea that the world (get) warmer?

N.: That’s right. The forests (have) an important effect on the earth’s climate. They (disappear) at a terrifying rate. Many scientists (believe) that temperatures (already rise). If ice caps (melt), the level of the sea will rise and cause terrible floods. We must prevent global warming and that (include) preserving the rainforests.

J.: Thank you, Nora, and good luck in your campaign.

N.: Thank you.

Ex.41. Right or wrong? If wrong, write down the correct variant.

1 It is often snowing in winter. often snows

2. I never go to university on Sunday. 3 James is never late. He is always coming to work on time. 4 The moon go round the earth in about 27 days. 5 The River Nile is flowing into the Mediterranean. 6 How’s your English? – Not bad. It gets better slowly. 7 Rachel is in London at the moment. She is staying at the Park Hotel. She always stay there when she is in London. 8 Hurry up! We are waiting for you. 9 I must go now. It gets late. 10 Look! That guy tries to open the door of your car. 11 What do they talk about? I don’t understand a single word. 12 The river flows very fast today – much faster than usual. 13 I do a driving course now. I want to get a driving licence. 14 Sophia is looking for a place to live. She stays with her sister till she find somewhere. 15 Does they speak English well?

Ex.42. Put the verb in the correct form – the Present Simple or Continuous.

1 Don’t put the dictionary away – I (to use) it. 2 Don’t put the dictionary away – I (to need) it. 3 Who is that man? What (he / want)? 4 Who is that man? Why (he / look) at you? 5 She says she (to be) forty but nobody (to believe) her. 6 Air (to consist) of nitrogen and oxygen. 7 I (to think) of selling my computer. It (to get) out of date now. 8 I (to think) you are right. I agree with you here. 9 Who (this umbrella / belong to)? – I (to have) no idea. 10 Excuse me. (anybody / sit) here? – No, it’s free.

Ex.43. Translate into Russian.

1.The kopek is disappearing; this is normal. 2. The group of history students are discovering and locating the waterfalls in their region. 3. These days elderly people are learning computing with much enthusiasm. 4. We are studying a foreign language this year. 5. The company is planning to open the season earlier. 6. This year, after reconstruction and modernization, we are introducing a new large conference hall. 7. The authorities are doing nothing to combat this ugly trend. 8. Can you hear the noise? Somebody is shouting. 9. “We are destroying warheads, Americans are storing them,” said a Russian defense expert and retired general. 10. It’s getting dark. I must go now.

Seasons of the year:

winter – зима, in (the) winter; spring – весна, in (the) spring; summer – лето, in (the) summer; autumn – осень, in (the) autumn.

Months:

January – январь July – июль

February – февраль August – август

March – март September – сентябрь

April – апрель October – октябрь

May – май November – ноябрь

June – июнь December – декабрь

Days of the week:

Monday – понедельник, Tuesday – вторник, Wednesday – среда, Thursday – четверг, Friday – пятница, Saturday – суббота, Sunday – воскресенье.

Fun time. Learn the poem:

Days of the Week

Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday – sad.

Thursday, Friday – they aren’t bad!

Saturday and Sunday – great!

Tomorrow’s Monday – don’t be late!

Ex.44. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present simple or the present continuous.

1 I know (know) the UK __(not usually have) very cold weather, but it’s very cold at the moment. It __ (snow) and the temperature is -8 C. People __ (stay) at home.

2 It’s usually cold in February and it ____ (rain) a lot, but today the sun ___(shine) and it’s a very warm 22 C. People ____ (wear) their summer clothes and they ___ (not carry) umbrellas as they usually ___ (do).

3 I ___ (think) spring in the UK ___ (be) very beautiful. People usually ____ (wear) sweaters and jackets.

4 It often ___(rain) in summer in the UK and sometimes it’s quite cold. But occasionally we ___ (have) very hot weather with temperatures above 30 C. Today ___ (not be) one of those days. It ___ (rain) and everyone ___ (wear) raincoats.

5 In the autumn it __ (get) dark at about 6 p.m. but in summer it __ (not get) dark until 10 p.m.

The Present Perfect

have + V₃ (V+ed)

has

+ She has already read the text.

- She hasn’t read the text yet.

? Has she read the text yet?

Это время обозначает:

1. действия, закончившиеся к моменту речи и связанные с нынешней ситуацией. Для нас важен результат.

Jill has just come. = Jill is here.

I have learnt to use the Present Simple. = I know this tense.

Предложения c динамическими глаголами переводятся на русский язык в форме прошедшего времени совершенного вида (что сделал?).

2) действия, которые когда-то начались и все еще продолжаются. В этом случае употребляются стативные глаголы (see, think, believe, like, dislike, agree, mean, understand, want, wish, need, consist of, be, have и т.д.), т.е. глаголы, выражающие состояние.

How long have you known him? – Since childhood.

I have lived here all my life.

I have never thought about it.

We’ve been good friends for 10 years.

Предложения часто переводятся на русский язык в настоящем времени и употребляются с указателями времени for и since.

3) в придаточных времени после when, as soon as, after, чтобы подчеркнуть, что действие в главном предложении начнется после того, как закончится действие в придаточном предложении.

When you’ve done your homework, you’ll go for a walk.

В этом времени используются указатели времени:

наречия just, ever, never, already, always – перед смысловым глаголом: I have never been to Africa. He has just got your e-mail.

this week, today, this year – если период времени еще не истек. Today has been really busy – and it’s only lunchtime!

recently, lately, so far, yet, since …, for … - в конце предложения. Have you seen your uncle yet? – Yes, he has just arrived. I’ve learnt so many new things at the university lately.

Ex.45. Put the verbs into a form of the Present Perfect. 1 Are you sure it isn’t working? … (you / try it)? 2 I … (never see) such a boring presentation. 3 We … (already spend) quite a lot of money. 4 … (they / reply) to your last email? 5 Sorry, she isn’t here. She … (just leave). 6 Railway fares … (fall) by 15% since September. 7 We … (know) each other for more than 20 years. 8 … (you / be) to London or Washington this year? 9 This tour to Paris … (prove) tremendously popular.

Ex.46. Fill in a suitable word.

already yet ever just never for always since recently this week

1 The goods will be with you soon. They’ve … left our warehouse. 2 I’ve … had a great idea! Why don’t we go to a swimming-pool? 3 They’ve had this house … 25 years. 4 I’ve … used my credit card on the Internet. I don’t think it’s safe. 5 I haven’t had a chance to speak to Margie …, but I’m sure she’ll agree. 6 I’m sorry I haven’t called you back. I’ve been in a meeting … lunchtime. 7 I’ve … worked in insurance, ever since I left university. 8 Have you … been to Cyprus? It’s completely different to Russia. 9 Congratulations! You’ve got a driving licence …! 10 I’ve done so much …, and it’s only Thursday.

Ex.47. Read and translate into Russian. 1. In the world of big business, women have long battled for an equal footing (равное положение в обществе). 2. Miss Hughes has been a warden at this apartment complex for 13 years. 3. I have written to the chief constable on behalf of the council. 4. The proportion of non-UK citizens has soared from 8 per cent three years ago to more than 13 per cent. 5. Mr.Brunstorm, head of Northern Wales police, has come under attack for targeting speeding motorists while officers’ detection rate for burglary has fallen to a record low. 6. There’s been a drastic reduction in road casualties. 7. “There just aren’t enough hours in the day.” It must be modern woman’s most common refrain and has given rise to a huge industry offering ever more labour-saving devices and advice. 8. Harvard University professors have recently concluded that the occasional power-nap is as beneficial as the full eight hours. 9. I’ve heard that Fantasy Tan can make me look like I’ve spent a day in the Mediterranean sunshine in just 20 minutes. 10. Trips to the swimming pool and cinema (plus ice-lollies, popcorn and fizzy drinks) have blown a large hole in the holiday budget. 11. Detective stories have always been a staple of television. 12. The costs of stress have been widely documented in terms of losses in work time and efficiency.

The Present Perfect Continuous

have been + the Present Participle (V₄ )

has been

+ I have been translating the text for half an hour.

- I haven’t been translating the text for half an hour.

? Have you been translating the text for an hour?

В разговорной речи употребляются те же сокращения, что и в the Present Perfect: have =’ve; has =’s; have not =haven’t; has not = hasn’t. E.g. She hasn’t been studying here for three years. She’s been studying here for four years. We’ve been looking for you everywhere. We haven’t been waiting for you.

The Present Perfect Continuous выражает процесс:

1) действие, которое началось в прошлом и до сих пор продолжается:

She has been reading the whole day.

Глагол переводится на русский язык в настоящем времени.

Это действие отвечает на вопрос How long …?

Период протекания действия обычно выражается обстоятельством времени с предлогом for … - в течение …, а время, с которого началось действие, обозначается союзом since… - с …, e.g. He has been travelling since early summer. He has been travelling for two months.

2) действие, которое продолжалось определенное время и совсем недавно закончилось, но объясняет нынешнюю ситуацию. Someone has been smoking here. Why are you so wet? – I’ve been walking in the rain.

Глагол переводится на русский язык в прошедшем времени несовершенного вида.

Ex.48. Work out the questions making up a mini-dialogue. Example: How long have you been studying English? – I’ve been studying it since school.

1. We’ve been looking for the book for an hour. 2. Yes, I have. 3. Since September. 4. For two months. 5. She has been ruling the country for several decades. 6. The whole day. 7. Since early morning. 8. For ten years. 9. No, I haven’t. 10. For two centuries.

Ex.49. Fill in the verb in a form of the Pr. Perfect or the Pr. Perf. Cont.

1. The birth rate (to increase) steadily. 2. You (to eat) for an hour and you are still hungry. 3. I never (to see) the Queen. 4. How many pages you (to read)? 5. How long he (to drive) home? – For four hours. 6. We never (to travel) by air-conditioned coaches. 7. They (to pay) already for the guided tour. 8. I (to use) a shuttle service to the hotel from the airport. 9. You (to collect) the coins since childhood? 10. This tour company (to operate) for 15 years.

Ex.50. Translate into Russian.

1. I’ve been watching the events on TV the whole week. 2. We’ve been studying English grammar since September. 3. Mary’s been discussing the issue for a week already. 4. How long have they been staying with their friends? 5. What have you been doing since I left? 6. What’s up with the lap-top? Have you been playing about? 7. The tax authorities have been waging a campaign to draw landlords’ rental income out of the shadow economy since 2006. 8. Since presidents met on the eve of the G20 summit in London on April 1, Russia has been making the type of provisions it would like addressed in the new treaty increasingly clear. 9. According to Kommersant, employees have been rehearsing what they will say while local authorities have been preparing for the visit for at least two weeks, repairing roads and encouraging locals to keep a low profile.

Ex.51. Match the 2 parts of the sentences. One is odd.

1 My legs hurt because a) she’s been sitting in the sun for too long.

2 Her face is red because b) she’s been revising a lot recently.

3 Her eyes are red because c) they’ve been packing for their holidays.

4 They’ll be late because d) she’s been crying.

5 She’s tired this morning

because e) I’ve been running for a long time.

6 It is stuffy in the room f) it has been raining all night long.

because g) they have been papering the walls and couldn’t

open the window.

7 The streets are wet because h) somebody has been smoking here.

The Past Simple

V₂

V_{1 +} ed

+ It rained yesterday.

- It did not rain yesterday.

? Did it rain yesterday?

Это время передает законченные, постоянные или повторяющиеся действия в прошлом. Неправильные глаголы используются во 2 форме (см. таблицу неправильных глаголов), а к инфинитиву правильных глаголов добавляется суффикс –ed.

В отрицаниях и вопросах требуется вспомогательный глагол did , а смысловой глагол используется в первой форме: Did you live in the country during the war? He did not answer the reporters’ questions.

Указателями этого времени являются yesterday, last year, in 1975, a few weeks ago, last month и т.д.

Глагол to be имеет 2 формы прошедшего времени – was / were: He was 56 last year. Did you learn to drive when you were 18? I was busy yesterday. Were you a success at the exam?