- •Е.В. Дводненко
- •Table of Contents
- •Введение
- •Section I. English for telephoning Useful vocabulary for successful telephoning in English
- •Text I. Business Telephoning Etiquette
- •The Business Etiquette of Transferring a Call
- •Appropriate greetings and endings
- •Gathering information
- •Listening skills
- •Suggesting and verifying a course of action
- •Taking notes
- •Dealing with difficult callers
- •Things to avoid when on the phone
- •Practice: Connecting
- •Messages
- •Wrong number
- •Appointments
- •Ordering
- •Text II. Business Telephoning Language
- •Practice:
- •Section II. English for meetings Useful vocabulary for successful meetings in English
- •Text I. Business Meetings Organization
- •Practice: agenda setting
- •Interruptions
- •Agreeing and disagreeing
- •Any other business (aob)
- •Text II. Business Meetings Language Etiquette
- •Practice:
- •Section III. English for negotiations Useful vocabulary for successful negotiations in English
- •Text I. The Art of Negotiations
- •Practice tricky conversations
- •Resolving difficulties
- •Asking for a pay rise
- •Difficult clients
- •Text II. Giving your personal viewpoint
- •Practice:
- •Section IV. English for presentations Useful vocabulary for successful presentations in English
- •Text I. Business Presentations & Public Speaking
- •Practice: Opening
- •Questions
- •Section V. English for business correspondence Useful vocabulary for writing business letters
- •Text I. Business Letter Etiquette
- •Practice
- •Text II. Notes on business correspondence Business Letter Contents
- •1St Check: Look at the text as a whole
- •2Nd Check: Check your text for detail
- •Marlene Leach
- •Layout of Envelopes
- •Practice
- •4. Match the beginnings and endings below and identify which letter a) is a letter of complaint, b) offers an apology, c) is an application for a job.
- •Text III. 20 Tips of Business Writing
- •Text IV. Resumes and Covering Letters
- •Summary
- •11 Tips of Success
- •Additional reading cross cultural business communication
- •Text I. What is Culture?
- •Text III. International Business Etiquette
- •Text IV. Intercultural Communication Tips
- •Text V. Cross Cultural Marketing Blunders
- •Text VI. More Results of Poor Cross Cultural Awareness
- •Text VII. Stereotypes: An Intercultural No-No
- •Involve
- •Text VIII. Business Meeting Etiquette
- •Informal Meetings
- •Text IX. Cross cultural negotiation
- •Text X. Techniques for Resolving Cross-Cultural Disputes
- •Techniques:
- •Text XI. The Business Lunch and Cultural Differences
- •Text XII. Business Card Etiquette
- •Text XIII. Cross Cultural Gift Giving Etiquette
- •Text XIV. Cross Cultural Presentations
- •Text XV. Intercultural Factors When Making International Presentations
- •Text XVI. Cross Cultural Advertising
- •Text XVII. Hurdles to Cross Cultural Business Communication
- •Text XVIII. Cultural Communication across Languages
- •Text XIX. Ten Strategies for Success Abroad
- •Text XX. Cultural Sensitivity in Business
- •Список литературы Основная
- •Дополнительная
- •Интернет-ресурсы
Marlene Leach
Marlene Leach
Managing Director
Per pro (p.p.) is sometimes used in signatures and means ‘for and on behalf of’. Secretaries sometimes use p.p. when signing a letter on behalf of their bosses. When writing on behalf of your company, it is useful to indicate your position in the firm in the signature.
Notes about enclosures and copies. If you are enclosing something with your letter, you should type ‘Enc.’ at the bottom. If you are sending a copy to another person, you should type ‘cc’ (carbon copy) and the person’s name at the bottom. The following abbreviations may be typed on copies of the letter, but not on the original: ‘bcc’ (blind carbon copy) if you are sending a copy to someone else without the original addressee knowing, and ‘fyi’ (for your information) if you are sending a copy to someone purely for information.
Business Letter Formats
Modified Block |
Block |
Full Block |
There are certain standards for formatting a business letter, though some variations are acceptable (for example between European and North American business letters). Here are some basic guidelines:
Use A4 (European) or 8.5 x 11 inch (North American) paper or letterhead
Use 2.5 cm or 1 inch margins on all four sides
Use a simple font such as Times New Roman or Arial
Use 10 to 12 point font
Use a comma after the salutation (Dear Mr Bond,)
Lay out the letter so that it fits the paper appropriately
Single space within paragraphs
Double space between paragraphs
Double space between last sentence and closing (Sincerely, Best wishes)
Leave three to five spaces for a handwritten signature
cc: (meaning "copies to") comes after the typed name (if necessary)
enc: (meaning "enclosure") comes next (if necessary)
Fold in three (horizontally) before placing in the envelope
Use right ragged formatting (not justified on right side)
There are three main letter formats: full block, block and modified block. The former has all entries tight against the left-hand margin. The block letter format sets the references and the date to the right margin for filing and retrieval purposes. The complementary close and the signature block are also set to the right margin, with the remaining entries placed against the left one. The modified block letter format follows the same layout as either of the above, but indents each paragraph by five or six spaces (0.5 inch).
Layout of Envelopes
Special Mailing Notations
AIR MAIL (авиапочта)
BY HAND (нарочным)
EXPRESS (экспресс)
PLEASE FORWARD (направить далее)
REGISTERED (заказное)
TO BE CALLED FOR (до востребования)
SPECIAL DELIVERY (специальная доставка)
CERTIFIED MAIL (заверенная почта)
On-Arrival Notations
PERSONAL (персональное)
PRIVATE (личное)
CONFIDENTIAL (конфиденциальное)
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL (личное и конфиденциальное)
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL (строго конфиденциальное)