Reading

Task 4. Read and translate the text. Find in the box the synonyms to the italicized words from the text.

motor, principal, diverse, binding, amount, influence, transformation, combination, immediately, particular, world, daily

Chemical energy

Energy comes in six forms: chemical energy, electrical energy, radiant energy, mechanical energy, nuclear energy and thermal energy. These six forms of energy are all related. Each form can be converted or changed into the other forms. For example, when wood burns, its chemical energy changes into thermal (heat) energy and radiant (light) energy. Not all energy conversions are as simple as burning wood. An automobile engine is a complex tool that converts the chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy, the energy of motion.

Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules). It is released in a chemical reaction, often producing heat.

Chemical energy is in fact a staple in our lives, and we use it every day no matter what form of energy we are using. Batteries that are powering our cell phones and television remotes use chemical energy to perform the functions we require. At a more fundamental level, the number of chemical reactions that takes place in burning of fossil fuels also use chemical energy. When coal is burned to provide power, or when gasoline is combusted in our automobiles, or even when natural gas is used to provide heating power in our homes, chemical energy is used.

Chemical energy is produced through reactions that occur in chemical compounds. A chemical compound is a simple collection of many atoms that are bound to each other. As the bonds between these atoms loosen or break, a chemical reaction will occur, and new compounds are created. When the bonds break or loosen, oxidation occurs almost instantly.

We observe chemical energy in action every day. When the sun beats on the ground to warm it, chemical reactions are occurring that produce chemical energy in the form of heat.

Where we obtain the chemical energy is in the bond that occurs between the various atoms of a specific molecule. When a molecule breaks down and converts into newer molecules, the energy between these bonds will be released. A simple example of this is when we eat food every day. The molecules in our food are broken down into smaller pieces, and the bonds between the molecules are also broken down. The energy that we get from food is obtained through these broken bonds and is absorbed into our bodies to use in our everyday life.

Chemical energy is possibly the easiest source of energy to obtain, and it is certainly the most efficient form of energy to use and store. Chemical energy is known to be a source of life and source of power for many species for several billion years. Today, technology has advanced so that we can use chemical energy towards renewable energy sources that will affect our global future.

Task 5. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What forms of energy do you know?

2. In what way can forms of energy be changed?

3. What is chemical energy?

4. Where is chemical energy used?

5. What happens when the bonds between the atoms loosen or break?

6. When can we observe chemical energyin action?

7. How do we obtain the energy from the food?

8. Why is chemical energy considered to be the most efficient form of energy to use and store?

9. How can chemical energy affect our global future?

10. What everyday examples of using chemical energy do you know?

Task 6. Decide which of the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If the statement is false, explain why.

1.	All forms of energy are related and can be converted or changed into thermal energy.
2.	When wood burns, its chemical energy changes into thermal energy and light energy.
3.	Chemical energy is conserved in the bonds of chemical compounds.
4.	Chemical energy is used in the number of chemical reactions that takes place in burning of fossil fuels.
5.	Chemical energy is produced through reactions that happen in chemical compounds.
6.	Some atoms are bound to each other in a chemical compound.
7.	A chemical reaction will occur, as the bonds between the compounds loosen or break.
8.	Chemical energy is obtained in the bond that occurs between the various atoms of a specific molecule.
9.	When a molecule breaks down, the energy between the bonds will not be released.
10.	Chemical energy is the less efficient form of energy to use and to store.

Task 7. Complete the phrases with the words from the text.

1. to be stored in the bonds of chemical_______

2. to be released in a chemical_______

3. to power cell phones and_______ remotes

4. many atoms that are bound to each_______

5. to observe chemical energyin_______ every day

6. to produce chemical energy in the_______ of heat

7. between the various atoms of a specific_______

8. to be a source of_______ for many species

9. the most_______ form of energy to use and store.

10. to use chemical energy_______ renewable energysources

Task 8. Match the columns to make the phrases and translate them.

1) automobile	a) phones	1)
2) mechanical	b) power	2)
3) renewable	c) fuels	3)
4) natural	d) sources	4)
5) fundamental	e) compounds	5)
6) fossil	f) engine	6)
7) chemical	g) gas	7)
8) broken	h) energy	8)
9) heating	i) level	9)
10) cell	j) bonds	10)

GRAMMAR

Task 9. Define what parts of speech the following words from the text belong and fill in the table.

almost, energy, reactions, provide, batteries, towards, obtain, molecules, between, motion, pieces, certainly, technology, takes, source, thermal, oxidation, efficient, food, get, various, perform, comes, occur, instantly, coal, action, possibly.

Noun	Verb	Adjective	Adverb

Task 10. Choose the right modal for each of the following sentences.

1. A chemical bond (can/may) be described as an interaction involving the outer electrons of two or more atoms.

2. For combustion to be rapid, the fuel and oxidant (must/should) be quickly mixed.

3. Since heat is not a substance but a form of energy, we (can’t/couldn’t) measure it directly in pounds or litres, but (must/have to) measure it by the effect it (can/may) produce.

4. With increased knowledge of these fluctuations we (may/can) improve the accuracy of this test.

5. Water (may/might) exist as liquid, steam or ice.

6. I (could/can) run very fast when I was younger.

7. Bonds with one or three electrons (can/could) be found in radical species, which have an odd number of electrons.

8. If the Earth stayed in one place in its orbit, day and night (won’t/wouldn’t) change in length.

9. (May/Can) I leave early this afternoon, please?

10. Construction workers (should/must) wear hard hats.

11. I (can/could) do that for you if you like.

12. People (must/have to) obey all traffic laws.

13. You (can/may) use a dictionary for the test if you want.

14. People with high cholesterol (must/should) eat low-fat foods.

15. We knew it (can not/could not) be true.

16. You (may/can) make a lot of money if you are lucky.

17. You (have to/must) stop at a red light.

18. (Will/Would) you mind waiting a moment?

19. One (has to/must) spend a year or two in England to know English well.

20. Some single-cell Earth creatures (can/may) live in temperatures of minus 200°C.