Speaking

Task 14. Arrange the following titles to the parts of the text “Chemical industry” in the logical order. Retell the text using the resulting plan.

• Sulphuric acid as a central substance in chemical industry

• The products of petroleum industry

• Referring back to the origin of chemical industry

• Different products created in chemical processes

• Raw materials in chemical industry

• The development of chemical industry in the late 19^th century

• The invention of rayon and fertilizer

Writing

Task 15. Think about the key points and issues considered in the text “Chemical industry” of Task 4. Organize them into a logical sequence in the form of an outline containing the basic ideas you intend to develop. Articulate your thoughts and arguments in a way that is clear and logical with the help of the linking phrases given below. Write down the resulting text.

• The subject has received increased attention with the development of ___

• Let us take a brief look at ___

• Let us briefly run through ___

• This takes account of the fact that ___

• It is of historical interest to trace the origins of ___

• A further advance was accomplished by ___

• A further development took place in ___

• The introduction of ___ has led to many important developments in ___

• The outcome of all this is that ___

• To arrive to a definite conclusion, we ___

Unit 3 chemical energy lead-in

Task 1. What do you remember about energy from the course of physics? Use your school knowledge of physics and overview the basic principles of energy matching the columns below. Think over examples to illustrate each statement.

1. The law of conservation of energy states that …	a. … changes in the energy of systems will also coincide with changes in the system's mass, and the mass of a system is a measure of its energy content.
2. Energy efficiency refers to …	b. … conservation of energy is not saving energy; energy is neither created nor destroyed; when we use energy, it doesn’t disappear; we change it from one form of energy into another.
3. Mass-energy equivalence says that …	c. … converting one form of energy into another form always involves a loss of usable energy.

Task 2. Read and memorize the following words and phrases for better text comprehension. Then choose the synonyms to the underlined words in the sentences given below.

radiant energy	енергія випромінювання
bond	зв’язок
chemical compound	хімічна сполука
fossil fuel	викопне паливо
staple	основа
oxidation	окислення
instantly	відразу ж
to release	вивільняти
to advance	розвивати

1.________ occurs when an atom loses electrons.

2. He's just trying to ________ his own career.

3. An ionic ________ is formed by the attraction of oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms.

4. ________ is something that is essential or important.

5. Coal power stations ________ sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.

6. You will be able to achieve success ________.

Task 3. Choose the correct option to complete the following statements. Then read the text of Task 4 to check your answers.

1. Scientists define …… as the ability to work.
a) force	b) energy	c) power
2. During combustion, chemical energy in the form of …… is released when oxygen combines with other substances to form water and carbon dioxide.
a) heat	b) light	c) radiation
3. Batteries and explosives are the examples of objects that contain …… chemical energy.
a) changed	b) stored	c) converted
4. A car engine burns gasoline, converting the chemical energy in gasoline into …… energy.
a) mechanical	b) potential	c) nuclear
5. Chemical energy is converted to …… energy when we burn wood in a fireplace or burn gasoline in a car’s engine.
a) thermal	b) radiant	c) electrical
6. A chemical …… can be thought of as an attractive force between atoms.
a) connection	b) bond	c) link