Speaking

Task 14. Imagine that your younger friend is going to enter university soon. You’re asked to share your own experience and give advice about the ways of university study. Start out from the quotation “University study demands more independent learning...”. To expand the quotation, you may use the following phrases in a free order.

• A major difference between school and university is the higher degree of independence expected from university students because …

• Being independent at university means that you are responsible for managing your studies, your time and …

• Undergraduates are expected to study a minimum of three hours for each one hour of class time, so …

• If you are an entering freshman, you should …

• If you are really smart you will study as much as…

• Study is hard work, so you have to accept it as a daily fact of life and…

• Study requires repetition and …

Writing

Task 15. Imagine that you are an active participant of a popular online forum. Online forums are known as discussion boards or message boards. They enable users of a website to interact with each other by exchanging tips and discussing topics related to a certain theme. Write a comment on the message given below. Either agree or disagree with the statements of the message. For starting phrases see Appendix 2.

“Independent” doesn't mean “alone” – the primary meaning of the word is self-governing. Being an independent learner doesn't mean that you have to tackle everything on your own. Nobody does it all by themselves. First of all, independent learning means:

• taking responsibility for your own learning;

• managing your time and your life;

• participating actively in your courses and assignments;

• knowing when to ask for assistance and seek help.

Being in charge of your studies also means knowing when you require support or assistance from others and seeking it out. You will develop as an independent learner, but others can help you develop.

Unit 2 chemical industry lead-in

Task 1. Use your general knowledge to answer the following questions.

1. In your opinion, what branches of industry influence the development of world’s economy nowadays? Why?

2. Do you agree that today chemical industry is considered to be one of the largest manufacturing industries in all developed and emerging countries?

3. What are the main historical and geographical prerequisites of the development of chemical industry in the world and in our country?

4. It is known that chemical industry is undergoing huge changes worldwide. What are the challenges for the chemical industry today?

Task 2. Read and memorize the following words and phrases for better text comprehension. Then choose the words from the vocabulary list to complete the sentences below.

to alter	змінювати
fertilizer	добриво
fibre	волокно
beauty aids	косметичні засоби
flavour	смакова добавка
artificial	штучний
at a considerable rate	значними темпами
to refer back	наводити довідку
artisan	майстер
limestone	вапняк
to coincide with …	збігатися з …
tremendous advancement	значний прогрес
sulphuric acid	сірчана кислота
rayon	штучний шовк

1. Most foods fall into categories due to their chemical content, whether natural or ___________.

2. ___________ is the sensory impression of a food or other substance which is determined mainly by the chemical senses of taste and smell.

3.___________ is a natural or chemical substance that is spread on the land or given to plants, to make plants grow well.

4. Giving up smoking has radically ___________ his lifestyle.

5. Nylon, introduced in 1938, was the world’s first true synthetic ___________ created wholly out of chemicals.

6. ___________ is a skilled manual worker who makes items that may be functional or strictly decorative.

Task 3. Choose the right option to complete the following statements. Then read the text of Task 4 to check your answers.

1. Chemicals found in nature, such as salt, sulphur, nitrogen, and natural gas, are the raw materials of …….
a) steel industry	b) chemical industry	c) food industry
2. Chemical industry is undergoing huge changes ……
a) in France	b) worldwide	c) locally
3. Consumer chemicals include, for example, detergents and ……
a) plastics	b) soaps	c) pesticides
4. Rayon was originally developed as a cheap alternative to ……
a) cotton	b) silk	c) wool
5. Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from ……
a) natural gas	b) petroleum	c) coal
6. One of the first chemicals to be produced in large amounts through industrial process was ……
a) synthetic sweetener	b) sulphuric acid	c) synthetic fertilizer