Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there + be.

1. There are three kinds of unit stresses and corresponding strengths – compressive, tensile and shearing.

2. There had been a garden here before 2004.

3. There are many building materials in construction.

4. There wasn’t a garden in front of the house.

5. There are many classrooms at school.

6. There are many students at the University.

7. There will be a modern laboratory at our school.

8. There were some schools in our town.

9. There is a cottage.

10. There isn’t great amount of deformation in this material.

11. There have been some pictures.

12. There were different projects of this building

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

1. All construction materials must resist force.

2. It can’t be determined experimentally.

3. The material may fail by breaking or by excessive deformation.

4. We can see each other every day.

5. The students may use the dictionary.

6. They could use these construction materials in building.

7. The force on a structure may be larger than the force which we designed.

8. Steel may be weakened by rust.

9. There are different forces that a construction material must resist.

10. These students could not speak English last year.

Упражнение 3. Дайте сравнительную и превосходную степень следующих прилагательных:

long good short many wide

difficult great important little versatile

bad large much small narrow

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, определите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1. A rubber band becomes much shorter and a little wider.

2. Under tension it becomes much longer and a little narrower.

3. Steel and cement are the most important building materials now.

4. New building materials must function better.

5. It is the worst film that I have seen.

6. The designer describes more characteristics of this material.

7. The shortest way (путь) is sometimes not the best way.

8. It was a less difficult process.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, выделите подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены в каждом из них и укажите часть речи, которой являются эти члены предложения:

1. Such a change in the outside dimensions of an object is deformation.

2. They plan to use the results of our work.

3. We subjected a rubber band to a compressive force.

4. The useful strength of a material is equal to the unit stress at failure.

Текст B

There are several reasons why engineers must not design a material which is under the stress near to the failure stress:

1. Failure unit stress may be smaller than the engineers designed.

1. The force on a structure may be larger than the engineers designed.

2. Materials may weaken due to rusting (steel), rotting (wood), or cracking (concrete).

The failure unit stress is greater than the allowable unit stress by the safety factor. If failure unit stress is twice the value of the allowable unit stress, the safety factor is two.

Usually engineers determine failure unit stress experimentally. De­signers select kinds of material and sizes and shapes of members which will support loads that subject the member to unit stresses. These unit stresses must be equal to or less than the allowable. Economy requires that the unit stress must be near the allowable; if it is not, the use of the material is not efficient. Engineers call this unit stress - the working unit stress.

There are several important factors that engineers must determine when they decide on a safety factor:

1. How we can calculate loads,

2. How we can calculate unit stresses,

3. How serious the results of a failure are, and

4. How much warning the material gives before it fails.

Notes:

failure stress разрушающее напряжение

experimentally adv. экспериментально

rotting n. гниение