Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How can the properties of concrete be altered?

2. What kind of material must aggregates be?

3. How do aggregates influence the volume changes in the concrete?

4. How can aggregates be selected?

5. What kinds of cement are there?

6. What do the blended cements consist of?

7. What is the amount of admixtures in the blended cements?

8. What will the mix proportions of the concrete control?

9. What does the strength of the hardened concrete depend on?

10. What properties are connected with the compressive strength of concrete?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже

существительные:

shrinkage, increase, ratio, curing, thermal insulation, permeability, soil,

прилагательные и наречия:

generally, durable, rapid,

служебные слова и обороты:

during, up to,

глаголы:

control, apply, grade, provide, alter, help.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания –ed.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

заполнитель; свойство; пропорция; добавка, присадка; изменение; сорт, тип; вес; величина; плотность; огнестойкость; состав (смеси); отношение, соотношение; прочность; пустота; смесь;

изменять(ся); состоять (из); соединять; требовать; зависеть (от); твердеть; размещать, класть; уменьшать; удалять; производить; противостоять; приводить к; подвергать; выдерживать (бетон);

долговечный, стойкий; тщательно; легко; весь; имеющийся в распоряжении; в значительной степени; высокий; пластичный; низкий; быстро; прочный; типичный; слабый; широко;

как … так и …; внутри; который; приблизительно, около; в течение; те; например; такой как; из-за; тот.

Упражнение 3. Какие термины, связанные с бетоном и его составом, встречаются в тексте? Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

along drawback costs vary directly between too up to inside provide

по недостаток расходы, затраты отличаться прямой между дважды верхний внутренний давать

even certain state lift general way various durable apply separate

если неопределенный состояние поднимать главный образ действий разнообразный длящийся применять, прилагать разделять

Упражнение 5. Объясните разницу в значении перечисленных пар слов:

durable - strong

small - fine

void - hole

surface - plane

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие условные предложения.

1. The properties of the hardened concrete will be altered if the proportions of the ingredients are changed.

2. Steel wouldn’t have become available in large quantities if the Bessemer process hadn’t been invented (изобретать).

3. If the owner wanted this builder to do the building work he would give him the con­tract.

4. If the beams support a plaster ceiling they fail at a unit stress that causes plaster cracking.

5. I would have told her about the examination if I had seen her yesterday.

6. If a force remains constant the cross section unit stress will change when the cross section changes.

7. If the cost of this building material were lower we would choose it.

8. If I had seen my friend on Monday, I would have asked his advice (совет).

9. We shall have to wait for him if he doesn’t come in time.

10. Concrete wouldn’t crack if it were reinforced.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения. Помните о сослагательном наклонении.

1. It would be better to reduce temperature changes.

2. For this purpose concrete would be easier to produce at the factory.

3. We could have used some admixtures but we didn’t know the results of the test.

4. Smaller size would increase deformation.

5. An increase in the value of this ratio would produce a concrete with more voids.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите следующие числительные.

¹/₁₀; 0.46; 2.54; 684.75; ³/₅; 0.5; 2.5; 3.63; 8Ѕ; ⁷/₈; 35.04; 28.8; ј; 65.5; 0.91; ѕ;

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на заменители модальных глаголов.

1. Sometimes concrete should be used reinforced with steel.

2. Concrete that is precast at a factory has to be transported to the site.

3. The builders were not able to precast concrete on site because of bad weather (погодные) conditions.

4. The quantities of aggregates, cements or admixtures were to be varied according to the design.

5. A typical hardened and compacted concrete is a two-phase material with aggregate, which should be an inert filler material.

6. Concrete ought to be placed in a plastic state in a form.

7. Because concrete is at the beginning in a plastic state, builders are able to use it in all kinds of construction.

8. If concrete is to counteract tensile stresses, it has to be reinforced with steel.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there + be.

1. There are different kinds of concrete reinforcement.

2. There will be precast walls in this building.

3. There were temperature changes which caused cracking.

4. There mustn’t be weak aggregates in a concrete mix.

5. There are natural and artificial building materials.

6. There should not be too much thrust either to the right or to the left.

Текст B

CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

The important general characteristics of hardened normal weight concrete and concrete structures, which are made with Portland cement, compared to other building materials and structures are as follows:

• Concrete has a high compressive strength, so that it is particularly suitable for use in walls and columns.

• If it is not in the form of prestressed concrete, concrete has a low strength to weight ratio which results in general choice of steel or timber beams when there are long spans, and light loads which are applied.

• In building, the weight of concrete can provide good sound insulation, for example in floors.

Concrete has good fire resistance. This property often gives it an important advantage over steel. The fire resistance can be made a little lower by aggregates that contain silica.

There is no damage to reinforced concrete at temperatures which are lower than 300°C (580°F) and a limestone aggregate can withstand temper­atures up to about 800°C (1,500°F) without great damage.

Unreinforced concrete is able to withstand amounts of tension, up to approximately ¹/₁₀ of its compressive strength. This property is of great importance as it allows concrete to withstand some shear stress without cracking.

Notes:

silica n. кремнезём