Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. How many important general characteristics of hardened concrete structures are there?

2. What are they?

3. How can fire resistance of concrete be influenced?

4. What temper­atures can limestone aggregate withstand?

5. How high are the amounts of tension that unreinforced concrete is able to withstand?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте условное предложение. Переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте числительные. Прочитайте их.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существительные:

sound, insulation, timber, floor, wall, choice, span, choice, importance, damage,

прилагательные и наречия:

light, a little, particularly, other, suitable, approximately,

служебные слова и обороты:

as follows, as, without, so that, for example, by, some, compared to,

глаголы:

contain, apply, provide, give, withstand, allow.

b) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

A выдерживать огнестойкость армированный бетон конструкционный бетон известняк напряжение сдвига часто

B strength shear stress reinforced concrete structural concrete cracking fire resistance amount

A растрескивание натяжение количество преимущество нагрузка прочность значение

B tension load importance limestone withstand often advantage

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

durable - durability

important - importance

Урок 1.7 Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[hjH'mIdItБ]; ['fPlqV]; ['mPdqrIt]; ['selsIqs]; [I'nISql]; ['fxrqnhaIt]; ['rIGId]; [Ll'DqV]; ['pWmqnqnt]; ['eqrIq]; [q'veIlqbql]; [sIg'nIfIkqntlI]; ['jHZVqlI]; [Ik'strJmlI]

B

humidity cellulose permanent extremely

humanity area moderate avoidable

rigid available era significantly

follow although Celsius fellow

initial regard usually Fahrenheit

Текст A

CONCRETE

PART I

A property that is particularly connected with concrete is shrinkage, which is the permanent, contraction of concrete. It is caused by loss of water from the cement paste after hardening. The rate of shrinkage is rapid in the period which immediately follows the set of the concrete but becomes much slower with time. Because of the low tensile strength of concrete, shrinkage when it is limited leads to cracking.

Cast-in-place reinforced concrete as a method of construction is able to be applied to non-standard areas and shapes. It forms heavy, rigid, fireproof construction with relative ease.

Because all the necessary materials are easily available, construction work in cast-in-place concrete may start almost immediately, which sometimes gives faster completion times than if shop fabricated elements are used, such as those in steel or precast concrete.

About 50% of the cost of cast-in-place construction is that of the formwork. Hence, standard dimensions, that enable constant re-use of formwork, will significantly reduce the cost of cast-in-place concrete work.

In order to obtain good strength and durability, concrete must be allowed to cure, in conditions of temperature and humidity that are reasonably controlled after the initial set of the concrete. In general, moderate temperatures, between 20° C and 40° C (68°F and 86°F), and moist or wet conditions are the best. The total curing period is extremely long. However, curing is often considered to be over after the concrete has gained a reasonable strength, although curing and strength are not related. A minimum curing period is usually at least seven days.

Notes:

completion n. завершение, окончание

contraction n. сжатие

moist adj. влажный