Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время сказуемого:

1. For centuries the main building material in Russia was wood.

2. We will go to the cinema on Sunday.

3. Steel and cement have been the most important construction materials.

4. He is reading a book now.

5. She did not go to school yesterday.

6. People had been using steel before the invention of the Bessemer process.

7. This material lost its strength.

8. Steel has advantages which make it a good building material.

9. New materials for building have appeared.

10. They will have finished the work by tomorrow.

Упражнение 2. Определите функцию глагола to have в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The builders have to finish the work.

2. They don’t have a computer at home.

3. John had finished his homework when we came.

4. New alloys have further increased the strength of steel.

5. Concrete has great strength under compression.

6. Wood, iron and stone have different tensile strength.

7. The builders have used new materials.

8. The builders had to strengthen the column.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, выделите подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены в каждом из них и укажите часть речи, которой являются эти члены предложения:

1. The builders bound the layers together with mortar.

2. Steel and cement appeared in the nineteenth century.

3. The important advantage of steel is its tensile strength.

4. New alloys have further increased the strength of steel.

5. Different proportions of the materials produce concrete with different strength and weight.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, объясните s-endings.

1. The Romans used natural cement.

2. These are John’s books.

3. Concrete loses its strength under tension.

4. Good results are available when the builder selects and uses these materials.

5. Jane sometimes goes to the cinema with her friends.

Упражнение 5. Образуйте форму множественного числа следующих существительных:

advantage bar brick century

foot man process quantity

result stress weight woman

Обратите внимание на особенности написания и произношения форм множественного числа.

Текст B

People build every building project in order to get a structure which will function for some time. Good results depend upon the materials which the builder selects and how he uses them. They have to function under different conditions. The builder has to understand building materials in order to produce the satisfactory structure. He needs to know design procedures, building methods, and maintenance. In the basis of all these is the knowledge of materials. In order to be satisfactory, each material that a builder uses must function well over a long time.

The building process begins when a person or organization, the owner, decides to build a structure.

The next step is to ask a designer, either an engineer or an architect, to design the building project. The designer makes plans which consist of drawings. These drawings show how the building will look. The plans explain what materials a builder will use. The designer also explains the characteristics which the materials must have. He describes all basic materials, such as wood, iron, and stone, and all manufactured prod­ucts, such as concrete blocks.

The owner then asks a builder to do the building work and gives him a con­tract to build a structure according to the plans which an engineer or an architect has made.

Notes:

maintenance n. техническое обслуживание

owner n. владелец

satisfactory adj. отвечающий требованиям