Vocabulary Exercises

8. Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations, then make sentences using them.

подать иск; начать (возбудить дело); судебное разбирательство; истец; признать виновным; встречный иск; ответчик; материальный ущерб; ответный иск; обвинен в преступлении; заявить о невиновности; единодушное решение присяжных; совершить преступление

9.A) Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word(s) from the list below:

innocence, citizen, injury, case, proves, burden, guilty, unanimous

1. He became a ………………. of the United States. ( a person who has full rights in the country he lives)

2. She was elected by a ………………..vote. (in complete agreement)

3. The ……………….made by the earthquake was terrible. (harm, damage)

4. This………………...is very complicated because of the lack of evidences. (question to be decided in a law court)

5. The exception ……………….the rule. (show beyond doubt to be true)

6. The ………………of proof rests with him. (obligation to prove)

7. As Ann was found ………………. she was taken to prison. (having done wrong)

8. We all believe in her…………………(quality or state of being not guilty)

9.B) Fill in the gaps with the prepositions:

1 ask….for money; 2 to be accused….having committed a crime; 3 to be….to; 4 the case….the defendant; 5 ….order to overcome; 6 to start….filing a paper.

Writing

10. In saying from Ex.1 is reflected people’s respect of law and justice. There is widespread belief that observance of laws is a guarantee against injustice. Do you agree with it? Write what you think about violation of the law and social guarantees in Russia.

J

WACKY LAWS

There are many old laws in the United States that can only be described as “wacky”. And California, unsurprisingly, has the wackiest local laws of them all. Though few people are ever arrested for any of the examples given below, they are still on the statute book.

ust for fun

Californian State Laws

Animals are banned from mating publicly within 1,500 feet of a tavern, school, or place of worship.

It is a misdemeanour to shoot at any kind of game from a moving vehicle, unless the target is a whale.

Women may not drive in a housecoat.

No vehicle without a driver may exceed 60 miles per hour.

In Baldwin Park

Nobody is allowed to ride a bicycle in a swimming pool.

In Hollywood

It is illegal to drive more than two thousand sheep down Hollywood Boulevard at one time.

In Los Angeles

It is illegal for a man to beat his wife with a strap wider than 2 inches without her consent.

You cannot bathe two babies in the same tub at the same time.

You may not hunt moths under a streetlight. It is illegal to cry on the witness stand. Toads may not be licked.

It is a crime for dogs to mate within 500 yards of a church. Breaking this law is punishable by a fine of $500 and/or six months in prison.

In San Francisco

It is prohibited for elephants to stroll down Market Street unless they are on a leash.

It is illegal to wipe one's car with used underwear.

Persons classified as “ugly” may not walk down any street.

It is illegal to pile horse manure more than six feet high on a street corner.

In Pacific Grove

It is illegal to molest butterflies.

Unit 11. JUSTICE AND LAW (II)

Warm up Activities

1. How do you think these cases could be described? Match the phrases to the type of a case.

a criminal action against a person called Ms.Sanchez in the United States	“R.(Regina, that is, the Queen) vs. Sanchez”
a criminal action against a person called Ms.Sanchez in England	“Sanchez vs. Smith”
a civil action between Ms.Sanchez and Mr.Smith if it started by Ms.Sanchez	“The People vs.(versus, or against) Sanchez”
a civil action between Ms.Sanchez and Mr.Smith if it started by Mr.Smith	“Smith vs. Sanchez”

Reading

2. Read the text about the criminal justice process in the USA and match the questions (a-e) to the numbered spaces (1-5), as in the example. Then explain and remember the words in bold.

Criminal Justice Process in the USA

1. c) What are the steps of the criminal justice in the USA?…………………………………………..

Basically, the steps in the criminal court processes are as follows: arrest and booking, arraignment, trial and appeals (if any).

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A person who comes into contact with the criminal courts must initially be arrested. The arrest may take place with or without using a warrant (e.g. when an offence takes place in the presence of the officer, or when there is probable or reasonable cause to believe that a felony or misdemeanour has been committed). Even after an arrest the suspect may be released without being prosecuted for a variety of reasons: mistaken identity, lack of proper evidence, etc.

3.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

After the arrest is made, the suspect is booked. The booking card of the law enforcement agency contains information such as the date and time of arrest, the charge or crime for which the person was arrested, the name of the arrested person, the name of the arresting officer. Here the accused is photographed, fingerprinted, and temporarily released on bail, if possible. The record or booking card is permanently kept in the files of the police department. On important cases, the prosecutor may be present at the booking, but usually he will enter the case during the arraignment or *initial appearance of the suspect before *a magistrate or other judicial officer. Before turning to the prosecution of the suspect, it must be remembered that the investigative work of the police may continue even though the accused is involved with the prosecution or court phases of the criminal justice system.

4.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

At arraignment, summary trials can be held for petty offences without further processing. During the initial appearance before a magistrate, judge or *justice of the peace, the accused is to answer the charges against him. During the arraignment procedure, the charge may be dismissed by the court for a legal reason or the prosecutor may request *to have the charges dropped. The initial appearance may also serve as the trial for minor offences that have payment of a fine or a relatively short time in jail as punishment. *Once the judge finds a verdict of guilt, the accused is sentenced to jail or payment of a fine. The defendant may also be placed on probation for a specified length of time. If sentenced to jail, he may be granted parole.

5.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The purpose of preliminary hearing in the lower court is to determine whether there is a reasonable cause to believe that a felony was committed and whether there is a reasonable cause to believe that the accused committed the crime. It is here that a preliminary testing of the evidence takes place. As a result the accused may be released because of having been arrested not for probable cause, or he may be placed on bail or moved back to jail until his case is tried by the higher court.

If there is a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed by the accused, the prosecutor is given defined number of days to file formal charges against the defendant. The charge is filed on the basis of information from citizen complaints and police investigations.

6.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Then another arraignment is held. If the defendant pleads guilty a date for him to be sentenced is set by the judge. If the defendant pleads not guilty, he may request to have a jury trial or be tried by the court without a jury. At the trial, if the defendant is convicted, a date for sentencing is set.

7.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The defendant may be fined, sentenced to jail, or placed on probation. During this period the defendant can appeal his conviction. As a rule, the appeal stays the execution of the sentence. If the appeal is unsuccessful or the defendant decides not to appeal, the penalty is imposed.

8.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The defendant is then involved in the corrections of the criminal justice system. It is here that rehabilitation of offenders *is supposed to occur. This is the purpose of correctional establishments. To reduce the risk of convicting an innocent person, there are checks and reviews at all stages of the criminal justice system.

*initial appearance – первоначальная явка

*justice of the peace — мировой судья

*to have the charges dropped — прекратить дело

*once the judge finds a verdict of guilt — как только судья выносит обвинительный приговор

*is supposed to occur — как полагают, происходит

a)In what cases may an arrest be made without a warrant?

b)What is the purpose of corrections?

c) What are the steps of the criminal justice in the USA?

d)What are the types of punishments?

e)What does booking include?

f)What is the purpose of preliminary hearing?

j)When is a date for sentencing set?

h)In what cases are summary trials held?