Identity of the language, similarity of writing were unconditionally detected. It seemed a scientific discovery leaving no space for disputes was evident.

And there were no disputes. That could lead to a new comprehension of European history in accordance with reality which was not suitable, first of all, for the western Church. A lie was convenient for everybody! Nowadays it's the same.

Someone decided that the works by W. Thomsen and his colleagues affected acute national feeling of Balkan inhabitants. And not only them.

Kipchak history binds to doubt Indo-European theory of population. Archaeology and linguistics convince that the most of the Europeans had come not from India but from Altai.

Legendary Arians, as the Germans see them, are that Turkic Kipchaks who had been called "Arians" for a long time in medieval Europe. Of course it is difficult to recognize that. And there's no wish to do it. It is rather easier to forbidden and conceal and keep on believing in something tender, rosy and beautiful even if it is absolutely baseless from a historical viewpoint.

That's why in XX century there were no important discoveries in the area of linguistics equal to those of brilliant William Thomsen and his keen colleagues. To tell the truth, the researchers are moving on, but they are gradually taking an opposite direction - they are being led far away from the truth.

For example, who is perplexed by the "lapse" in European chronology, in its history: as a rule found materials are dated back either to the period prior the arrival of the Turkt, or to later times - starting from XV - XVI centuries when the positions of the Kipchaks in Europe became weaker. Boldness is needed to declare: Turkic documents simply were being destroyed as well as everything relating to the Turki in medieval Europe. European Turki were called heretics, they were anathematized, faggoted, tormented, tortured, forced to reject their ancient culture and belief. Papal inquisition was created for them; it was working for renascence of bygone Roman power over Europe… Hence is Renaissance!

But everything cannot be destroyed. As an eyewitness evidences one of ancient texts of the Bible - "Psalter" - which is stored in the library of Vatican - was written in Turkic language; it was brought to Rome from Don, from Tan town, in V - VI centuries. This and other sacred books having become Christian and having been written in "Hun language" were mentioned by Moses Kagankatvatzi, the historian of early Middle Ages.

No, one cannot neglect the facts - not everything has disappeared. Even in Rome.

Vatican and its subtle policy made for weakening of memory of European Kipchaks (How can one forget an apt phrase by R. Kipling, the English writer, which is often mentioned in the West: "Every Russian is a nice fellow as long as he is not drunk. He is charming as an Asiatic. And only when he insists that Russians should be treated not as the most western nation from the eastern ones but as the most eastern nation from the western ones it turns into an ethnic misunderstanding. And it is very difficult to deal with it". If only the famous Englishman knew whom he had been laughing at… At himself! He represented himself as an ignoramus. Attila's warriors - the Turkic Kipchaks - performed Anglo-Saxon campaign in V century; the Celts were the only inhabitants of Britain before their arrival. So I doubt whether any European should brag about his clean "western" origin. Any white European can easily become an "ethnic misunderstanding" himself forgetting that the ancestors of all Europeans have come to Europe from the East, from Asia. The Great Nations Migration colored modern demographic maps on the territory of the Old World and even Albion inhabitants shouldn't forget that. One should reckon the reality and be more restrained. ). That was the revenge for the defeat during the Great Nations Migration times. Rome succeeded in it. In the consciousness of inhabitants of late Middle Ages the Church implied the new (suitable for it) type of culture and the new (also suitable for it) outlook… Here it is - Renaissance - which destroyed everything "unnecessary" in Europe! The traces of historic memory of the defeated Turkic nation were wiping out with gallows, poison, swords and fire.

One can remember the ominous phrase by Goebbels: "bereave the nation of its history - and in a generation it will turn into a crowd and in another generation it can be easily ruled as a herd…" In Vatican that was declared long before the fascists. They always knew how to plan their policy for a long-term outlook.

And another thing is absolutely not surprising - the Turki themselves have been always assisting them. Or their customs and traditions, to put it more preciously: among the frogs one must also become a frog. This proverb is for the Turkic Europeans. They willingly became "the frogs" and thus saved themselves from death in foreign lands. But foreign mask has adhered to their faces. Nowadays they are called not according to their names but according to their masks: Bavarians, Saxons, Englishmen, the French, the Austrians, the Bulgarians, the Czechs, the Serbs, the Hungarians…

And in order to keep their foreign face the Europeans invent unconvincing versions. "One fact is reliable: in this case writing language of Attila and his troops is not in question", - asserts, for instance, E. Dobblehoffer whose materials were used in this chapter. And at that he archly adds: "And besides, nowadays nobody seriously asserts that".

Sure they assert! And very seriously.

If Dobblehoffer wasn't a follower of European school in science he would have never ventured such a slip of tongue. Writing language of Attila is the only thing which can be in question. And nothing else. Because those days there were no other Turki in Europe!

The corns thrown by William Thomsen were sprouting up; they were placed in a fertile field. For example, the works by academician V.M. Zhirmunskiy (1891 - 1971) which proved the unity of German and Turkic linguistics; those works are considered to be classics although they are not popularized. Father and son Kyzlasovs also perform interesting investigations on this point; however, they are also neglected by the Turki.

The research work by the archeologist K.A. Akishev is also very interesting; he has dotted all "i's" and crossed all "t's" in the so-called Scythian subject. In Issyk barrow in the land between seven rivers (Kazakhstan) the scientist found a cup with a clear runic inscription in Turkic language. The finding is two thousand years old, as well as the barrow! Thus the inscription became the first written monument of the Scythians and the Sachs; it witnesses of their language.

That was the first but not the only finding.

In Kara-Tel, near Termez, the archeologists found a destructed Buddhist (or Tengri-Khan?) center of II - IV centuries where among other material the vessels with the same runic writings were discovered… Moreover, the French geologists reported about the finding of the wall with the same runic writings in Afghanistan… The same runes were found in the territory of the Eastern France, in the former Burgundy Kingdom (Sharney clasp). The same as in Romania and in the Ukraine. The language was the same everywhere. And it was Turkic!

It turns out the Scythians were absolutely the same as the Kipchaks. It was only their belief which differed them - the unite representatives of the Turkic nation.

But they didn't wish to recognize the Scythian language as the ancient Turkic one in Moscow. For example, Moscow experts didn't even read the inscription on Akishev cup, but they brought a killing verdict: scratched later. As though the cup was put in the barrow after the burial ceremony…

In the meantime the inscriptions were read according to the rules of ancient Turkic grammar. "The one prepared the (food), fill…" - from this appeal (to pagan deities?) begins the inscription on Akishev cup… And other inscriptions also had a translation… They were notable for an excellent literary language and light figures.

Here is an example of ancient Turkic poetry. These lines are the sounds of that time:

You just leave me munificence

Let it be my peculiar feature

Then you find a horse for me

And send me into the fight!

Those days the poets managed to rhyme the words and they did it skillfully: at the end of the lines, in the centre or even by the first syllable… Turkic language provides an amazing freedom! Only a few modern poets can deal with freedom of speech of that kind.

Runic inscriptions found on the ancient monuments (epitaphs) also show that over two hundred and a half years ago the Turki had their own writing language. One of the epitaphs was as follows:

I parted from my relatives and my wives.

I was among the enemies in an evil hour.

Kuck-Kul-Tutuk - I - was severed from the world.

Today I stay away from ale and from the khan,

From my horse and golden quiver.

I was the hero, I was thirty-five.

Ale Yunanchi, be sure, I was faithful.

Be grateful our glorious khan!

Long live my clan and my nation!

My enemies have no count, and I have left…

This ancient inscription was found in the upper reaches of Yenisei in 1786; for the first time it was translated by V.V. Radlov in 1895 (Comment: "Kuch-Kul-Tutuk" - personal name and title of the departed; "ale" - in this case - Turkic "state"; "Ale Yunanchi" - "representative of the state" (word-for-word).). And the first runes fixed on paper relate exactly to V century - the times of Attila's reign. Alas, that is not a twist of fate.

The tsar of the Kipchaks could read and write in his native language. Besides, according to Jordan, he knew Greek. The Kipchak commander was a well-bred and educated person. It could happen that he used to read the following lines written by his contemporary, at leisure:

God created the world of hollow and the world of height,

To make the firmament turn there forever,

To make the stars fly there, -

And night always changes day there.

God made the heavens of turquoise color,

He threw the jades of the stars in the sky,

He created Libra, -

And night always changes day.

The racer of destiny galloped above the world -

He stroke fire and set the grassy world

On fire: it became hot, smoky and scarlet…

And the fire hasn't faded yet.

Here it is, the ancient Turkic poetry… It never existed according to the ignoramus.

Not only Attila's cronies were delighted by expressive works of Altai inhabitants, but also the nobility of India and China. And owing to Erka-Khan (Kanishka tsar) ancient texts in Brahmi remained there… And the poems weren't getting worse just because Europe didn't know about them.

L.Y. Tugusheva, the Leningrad researcher of the Turki, earnestly proved that having published an excellent book called "Uigur Version of Suan-Tzan Biography". She was gathering a scattered ancient Turkic manuscript for her book page after page… And in Attila's times the Kipchaks have already had a literary language in which the poems were written.

But here is an explanation at first.

Uigur language is related to ancient Turkic one; it is one of its dialects. "Uigur written language is alphabetic - audible… it was the basis for ancient Mongolian writing language; it is traced to one of Siberian Aramaic alphabets". And here, speaking about the Turki, encyclopedia is cunning - yet again! Connection with Syrian - Aramaic alphabets hasn't been determined, Turkic language stood apart, it was searching for the ways of development itself. And ancient Mongolian writing language cannot be called into question at all: the word "Mongol", according to the Mongols themselves, was met in XI century for the first time… Thus ancient Turkic culture is wittingly distorted being ascribed to other nations. To the Mongols, to the Iranians - whoever it may be.

"One of the most important works of early medieval Turkic literature - Uigur version of Suan-Tzan biography, - Tugusheva writes, - was presented in the only manuscript which separate parts are currently stored in manuscript collections in Paris, Peking, Leningrad. It was determined that all parts of the manuscript found in its time, as well as other monuments of early medieval writing language, in the Eastern Turkestan, were in one place before they were found and later they were separated and delivered to manuscript collections of different countries by different ways".

This is not a preface but an indictment relating to those who used to squander, steal and sell ancient Turkic literary monuments. And fortunately a man was found who managed to recreate the full text and to read the ancient book. Tugusheva made an impossible thing - she saved the pages doomed to perishing. The only copy of a Turkic literary monument in the world was sold all over the world by smart operators of science! Peter's descendants need the Turki only as "savage nomads".

Russian science is great but being dishonored by those smart operators it gives rise to nothing but pity for it. And the ancient Turki wrote about it that way:

The one with empty heart will remain so forever:

He'll never become reach.

Having become great, as the law directs,

You should be close to those who do good.

"While analyzing the collection, - Tugushevs writes, I was lucky to find the parts of that work among unidentified material in the manuscript collection of Oriental Studies Institute of Academy of Sciences of the USSR and to identify them".

She is so tactful while the point is that the pages of a priceless manuscript which they didn't have time to sell abroad, were lying about in disorder. They were kept in the institute which should have stored and analyzed the monuments of the East and which treats them that way.

It never occurred to anybody that those rare pages, although having been written in ancient Turkic language, still remain the pages of history of the Great Russia. The past was embodied not only in Slavic elm deeds but also in monuments written in the Turkic runes. To safeguard one thing and to destroy another is the same as to put out one eye as the competitor of the other.

Isn't that indicative that the first information about steppe barrows, presented to Russian science, belonged to academicians G. Miller and I. Gmelin, who have written down the evidences of a barrow harrier in XVIII century? The marauder with Selenga alias initiated the classification of Turkic antiquities. And it suited everybody! For it was put within strict "academic" bounds. The monuments weren't seriously analyzed; they were plundered on the sly.

And there was a lot worth analyzing there.

For example - the tofalars; there are about 400 people in Siberia. In their language one can retrace connection of Turkic language with the language of Palaeoasiatics and Keths. And it means there was a sole culture in the Central Asia and in Altai in ancient times… Here they are, those everlasting mysteries of the East!

And now - after all - a few lines which charmed people's ears several centuries ago. And they were written in ancient runes:

God's generosity is a gem, they say,

God's generosity - there's nothing more precious.

But my God - you, the mighty hero, are more precious than sapphire.

But my God - you, my mighty hero, are more precious than ruby.

Or these:

O, Wisdom, you scare a fool and an ignoramus.

O, Wisdom, you chasten the careless and the idle.

O, Wisdom, you give joy to the laid-back.

O, Wisdom, you send calm to the wise.

The crystal lines… Derzhavin, Pushkin and the whole golden century of Russian poetry originated from them two thousand years ago!

Literary and archeological monuments are the echoes of past times frozen in stone, bronze, gold and on paper. And the more stronger this echo sounds, the firmer is the desire to recognize the "voice" having uttered those majestic sounds. Although nothing similar happened to the Turkic history: their voice was lost among the discordance of cultures and nations. Their echo has been elapsing to emptiness for centuries.

But, thank God, the life went on in the Soviet Union. In the 50s they declared about developing of Siberia. Creation of Siberian cities, scientific centers and gigantic factories was in fashion. The youth, including the archeologists, was moving to Siberia. They needed Siberian science, Siberian history, Siberian archaeology which should have been international, socialist and, of course, outstanding.

But, as the saying goes, there could be mo fortune but misfortune helped. It happened exactly that way. Due to ignorance - there is no other explanation - prominent scientific forces of the Soviet Union proceeded to "global" investigation of Kipchak subject. Nobody of the Kremlin strategists had the slightest idea of where national funds had been directed… Here it is, God's will! It was the first time destiny favored to the Kipchaks.

In 1961 one of scientific conferences - which were also in fashion those years - was attended by Alexei Okladnikov, the archeologist. An ordinary Soviet scientist came to a common scientific conference in Gorno-Altaisk. An ordinary event, but it was to become the part of history.

It should be mentioned that the conferences were usually dull and boring; the hall was usually half-empty. The participants gathered for the opening and then they wandered off until the closing and banquet. The scientists appreciated communication between each other and not listening to the reports which were to be published anyway.

Okladnikov wasn't an exception. On that memorable conference, saving himself from boredom and persistent fellow scientists in Gorno-Altaisk, he went to the city park to have an airing. Thousands of people visited that park before him; thousands of people followed the beautiful path along Upalinka river. A common river - purling water, stones scattered to the banks. The scientist fixed his look at one of those stones. Okladnikov couldn't continue his way.

One must be born a hunter to find a hidden beast. One must be born fisherman to feel fish in the river. Alexei Pavlovich was born an archeologist; he has been searching for the traces of the past all his life. And he found them!

Even oval pebble, which he had picked up in the city park, was sharpened on one side. A primitive has taken away everything unnecessary to make an instrument - a stone ax - out of pebble. Neither river nor glacier are able to split a stone that way. Only man could do it.

However, archaeology is an amazing science - it makes a man be happy with a common stone! Just because it was in hand of another man a thousand years ago. Due to imperceptible traces, due to tiny details sliding away from am average man, the scientists judge about the past. That is the secret of their science, its magic attraction. The real archeologist will find the only stone among a thousand of others.

After that an expedition came to the bank of Upalinka and the excavations were commenced. In the city park, where a brass band still used to play in the evening, one of the biggest camps of a primitive was discovered. That was exactly what people from the Kremlin had expected. Here it is - the big Siberia!

The archeologists met hundreds of items. Altai became the subject of disputes and conversations all over the world - there were a few similar discoveries in the history of the planet. A unique "Siberian" culture was in question. The scientists proved that Siberia had been settled in great antiquity; and who were the people who had been living there? That question didn't arise.

Everything was going on in the best way possible; the authorities didn't grudge the funds for excavations of "Siberian archeology": it was a national affair - to develop Siberia!

But the more items the scientists discovered the more their astonishment grew - the findings were not the same as any others in Siberia. It seemed ancient Siberians knew their own special technology of stone treatment. Their instruments weren't beaten off but treated. As though they were grinded on a modern grinding machine. For example, one could easily shave with certain stone knives. Wonders beyond the reach of a modern man. The phantom of an important scientific discovery appeared on the horizon.

Later, after engagement of engineers, physicians and representatives of other sciences being far from archaeology, it turned out that Altai inhabitants really didn't beat off the stone as it was done everywhere else but treated it with fire and water. Hence their instruments were that perfect and different from others'.

Ancient Altai inhabitants showed themselves as quite good connoisseurs of nature. They knew which stones could be treated that way and which couldn't. It means mountains were not only mountains for them but the storage of rock. Running a few steps forward it should be mentioned that in modern archeology and mining a lot of terms remained which have come to the world geological science from that Altai nation - they are of Turkic origin: a hack, a mandrel, a pick, a sledge-hammer, a wedge and many others.

But the most heated disputes began when they tried to determine the age of the most ancient findings; those disputes were really strained.

When were those stone instruments made? By radioactive dating method it was determined: almost two hundred thousand years ago! And in relation to certain items devices indicated to eight hundred thousand years… Nothing of that kind has ever happened in Russian archaeology.

Thus the age of appearance of first quarries in Altai was determined. It turns out those times people lived there and one day it happened so that they needed those quarries… Who were they - those masters of stone treatment? No, it was too early to call them a nation. People were communicating with each other by gestures and separate sounds. Thousands of years of their life in Altai should pass before they learn to speak their own language, think, become delighted and surprised. But the archeologists gave them the name - the troglodytes. That is the name of the tribes living in caves.

Today a great many caves are known in Altai foothills and in other places of the Southern Siberia where ancient people lived. However the cave on a high rock near Kan river was the richest in findings. Troglodytes lived there for several thousands years - cultural layer near the foot of that cave was over six meters.

A great deal of stone instruments was contained in that treasure. It became clear how technology of stone treatment was changing as time went on: from rough ancient items to accurate, even ones. According to remaining bones archeologists recreated the nature of distant past.

Antelopes, rhinoceroses, mammoths and other big animals couldn't save themselves from skillful hunters. Loads of bones remained under the precipice where the entrance to the cave near Kan river was situated.

Craftsmen were living close to the hunters in the cave. Otherwise how can one explain found storages of stone knives and daggers? How can one explain the appearance of beads and other women ornaments made of shell of ostrich eggs? Those findings are 40 - 45 thousand years old.

Isn't it amazing? The first ornaments! Women used to try them on - not all of them, of course, just selected beauties. It means aesthetic feelings originated in Altai, which was followed by appearance of the first songs, fairy tales, memories which were kept for centuries, but there wasn't a way to express their feelings to their fellow countrymen.

Other unexpected findings relate close to the same period, for example - thin blades were quite the same as modern daggers. The thing was that they were made of stone. Simple stone knives were also met - they were used in everyday work. There were many elegant and sharp arrow-heads.

There is really a great deal of findings. Different findings. And they all showed the way amazing culture known as "Siberian" or "Altai" was developing from century to century. How it made its way from a rough ax found near Upalinka river in Gorno-Altaisk and at last, as though from a seed, it grew into a young branchy tree in a severe taiga garden.

Those new perfect instruments allowed the tribes to leave Altai - their cradle, their motherland - and to start their way to the plain, into the forest. They were able to leave. They had all necessary means to protect themselves. People left for uncertainty - to explore flat Eurasia… Slow settlement of empty lands commenced, those lands being covered with forests; in thousands of years those lands have become known as Russia.

Those tribes didn't come to the steppe: their warriors weren't strong enough - stone axes couldn't save them dealing with a beast of prey; and they had no other means to protect themselves. But "Brazen Stone Age" didn't leave without a trace. Archeologists found its traces. It turned out that there was a route from Altai to Europe, it lay in the southern ends of a forest zone, there - in Ural and Volga region - the places of camps were found with different items being like those from Altai.

The earliest finding was discovered near Karabalykty Lake, it is dated back to the period of middle paleolith. The camp was situated on the eastern vaults of Ural, closer to Altai. Later traces of ancient people were discovered in the territory of modern Bashkortostan, along Agidel (White) rived. The most famous of them is Shugan-Tash cave, ancient paintings were found there… The findings gladdened and invariably surprised the archeologist with their singularity.

Of course one cannot assert that these were the Turki who inhabited ancient Ural, although anthropological researches seem to give cause to it. No. Those were the bearers of ancient Altai culture, Turkic culture appeared in it close to Ugro-Finnic one. There was no division into nations - it was too early!

Even during the Bronze Age (here: the middle of the II and the beginning of the I thousand years B.C.), when the rise of metallurgy commenced and Arkaim, Sintashta and other towns of metallurgists appeared, Turkic culture wasn't strongly pronounced. Like young wine, it was slowly ripening here, in Altai, neighboring with Ugro-Finnic culture and being almost the same as it. But it was ripening to amaze the world with its delicate taste.

Inhabitants of Bulgaria of the Volga chaganat are the descendants of those ancient cultural traditions which were brought to Ural by the natives of Altai… And that is the continuity of Turkic history, its unity, magnificence and antiquity of its neighboring Ugro-Finnic sister nations.

Findings of Ural and Volga region made one think about global things - about intercommunication and mutual influence on Eurasian continent. It turns out the routes between East and West have always existed since man was born (There was an idea about existence of Nephritis Route but it wasn't confirmed. In the spurs of Sayany Mountains rich fields of that rare stone are known; their development could have begun in extreme antiquity especially since nephritis was highly estimated by the ancestors of the Turki - their sharp stone knives were made of nephritis.)

People have been wandering from the immemorial. Their way lay from Altai. Certain tribes settled in Europe having passed it; later they called themselves Ugros, Finns, Liths, Ests, Wends, Celts, Vikings. But at first they were not noticeably different. They all settled in forests, on river banks; they have all been hiding from wild beasts and wandering until they reached their "legal" abodes… That was the first Great Migration, although these were not the nations which took part in it. But it originated in Altai - in the European cradle.

And those not attracted by long roads remained in Altai, in the Southern Siberia. They still lived in caves, went hunting and made excellent arms and instruments. And besides they learnt to admire the beauty made on stone.

The first rock paintings are thousands of years old. Not each rock turned into an artist's canvas. They chose only a few which were perceptible from afar, - of yellow, orange or brown color. Life suggested the subjects to the artists. On a big rock the paintings were placed in groups - in this or that place. From a technical viewpoint they are absolutely the same: points stamped with a chisel flow together into a fillet which "leads" the image.

One keen look is enough to see: rock paintings show that ancient Altai inhabitants could count. Archeologists noticed that the figures of animals on stony paintings had been gathered into groups. But how? Five or ten figures. That is the counting on fingers!

And another figure - "seven" - Altai artists also new it. Why seven? Because it is connected with phases of the moon; hence are seven days in a week. But could the savages know that much?.. It turns out they haven't already been the savages.

And they hunted with dogs - that fact was also fixed by the artists. On one of the paintings one can see a man hunting with a bow on his back, a leather quiver with arrows and a dog running after him. They are valuable for their commonness and simplicity - those scenes of everyday life.

Of course it is difficult to describe the paintings - one should see them. However it should be mentioned that changes outlined in the subjects of stony "paintings" made approximately four thousand years ago: animal silhouettes took a back seat to the images of people.

That was a critical moment for the Siberians: a plow (That's when agriculture in Altai arose! It turns out the Turki had a good school and experience. It is useless for "experts in nomadic life" to dispute against archeological material, thus they never mention it.)and a wheel appeared, new culture was arising which was to turn their former "troglodyte" economy. The first kurens also appeared those days.

At first simple, and later accurately made figures of people, mainly women, filled the canvas of a "painting". They are primitive and rough only by sight, those stone pictures, - one must be able to see and feel their magnificence. Route stones are known since that distant times, and later - stone sculptures ("stone women"), they've turned into companions of Altai inhabitants for a long time almost without being changed. The same broad faces. The same straight expressive noses. Stocky figures. And unique eyes… Blue eyes of a Turki always remind of a young moon. Regardless of a widespread delusion ancient Altai inhabitants were etalon Europeoids. Future Europeans originated from them.

About three thousand years ago a union of tribes which was called pre-Turkic was formed in Altai. People were united by language, appearance, culture. All signs of a state are evident. It seems the word "ale" appeared in Turkic language those days - it means the state, the country.

Imak tribe was the head of the union for a long time. "Imak" meant "serpent", "dragon". A serpent has become the symbol of Altai Turki. It was flaunting on the flags, it became an element of patterns and ornaments. It seems those days Serpent Gorynich (Firedrake) became the kind hero of fairy tales.

It is more likely that the image of a serpent originates not from Altai but from Indo-China where spiritual traditions were polished with time to a greater extent. The image of a serpent is still alive in the consciousness of Turkic nation, it remained in proverbs, sayings and ancient legends as an image of spirit - clean, home, native and very close one.

Arising of a cult of a serpent enriched the spirit of Europeans but it didn't lead to considerable changes in economy. To tell the truth, archeologists mark out copper items among the findings of that period, which appeared in Altai more and more often. Bit where are they from? From Indo-China and Ural, apparently. It is evident they were brought. They weren't able to arrange local manufacture for a long time; lack of copper ore played its part. And nevertheless… There were tin fields and copper was found beyond Baikal Lake. They started to deliver copper to Altai in order to create bronze metallurgy; and they used to carry tin from Altai. That was determined by the archeologists.

That's the explanation of appearance of Altai "affiliates" beyond Baikal and expansion of the Turkic geography. Ore is the reason! "Altai" rock paintings and settlements of "Altai" architecture appeared in the Eastern Siberia - on Lena and Angara. A striking resemblance: art images and styles - everything was the same.

But not everything, though. In the Eastern Siberia air was better and water was cleaner. Otherwise how can one explain the fact that the artists of that place were much more gifted than their Altai teachers? In their paintings two opposite qualities appeared which were to become the etalons of Turkic arts later: realistic accurate representation of an object and unusual stylization thereof.

Mixture of fantasy and reality, commonness and sublimity, materialism and spirituality is evident. Maybe that is the ideal of any art? Dynamism, struggle, passion and stone calmness. In fact, annalistic miniatures are full of that style.

An explosion which separated the Stone and Bronze Ages from the Iron Age was about to happen. It happened in V - III centuries B.C. That event was marked by appearance of the new god with the Turki - Tengri-Khan. He taught people to smelt iron ore. A new epoch in the life not only of Altai but of other nations commenced.

Professor Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko (1885 - 1969), an outstanding archeologist and the scientist of the highest level was the best expert in that epoch. It is a real pleasure to read his monographs: he wasn't just searching for the traces of antiquity and finding them; he explained the findings (Thoroughness of the works by S.I. Rudenko allowed me to speak about ancient Turkic culture being a humble follower unconditionally believing his Master) e wasn't inventing or "reconstructing" as a vain historian; he was explaining because he was also an engineer and the Doctor of Technical Sciences. The range of his interests was really wide. From the anthropological type of Altai people to the ornaments on carpets and clothes - how and with what they were made? There are only a few such broad-minded persons in science.

It doesn't matter that Rudenko didn't call his "Altai inhabitants" the Turki - that wasn't allowed those days (the country was fighting against it). He found a neutral term - "Scythians" although he comprehended that the Turkic culture was in question. And he softly-softly was making it clear in his works about the Huns…

Professor gathered the proofs, evidences and facts which take one's breath away. And that is enough… Rudenko's findings allowed him to speak not only about the log dwellings of the Turki but also about the cattle-pens. Even found earthenware crockery witnessed of the settled way of life of its owners. And a separate book can be written about the "metallurgical" findings.

Of course iron is an ancient metal; even Egyptian Pharaohs knew it. In the Caucasus and in the Minor Asia iron was produced from iron ore but it wasn't smelt but burnt getting the so-called "ball iron" suitable for forging.

In Altai the Turki invented their own technology which is used in the whole world until now. Siberians hit upon an idea not to burn out iron but to smelt it in furnaces getting cast iron and steel. That gave a considerable advantage and increased the output of metal.

By the way, "cast iron" is the Turkic word as well as "damask steel". They are the monuments of those remote times when the new epoch of human history commenced. For the Truki iron was not a precious thing as for Egyptian Pharaohs, it turned into an operating metal.

Altai inhabitants would hide their blacksmith furnaces from alien eyes but these were the blacksmith furnaces and iron items which accompanied them on their way to Europe.

Blacksmith furnaces were built near iron ore fields. On the territory of modern Belgorod region, for example, due to Anatoli Grigorievich Nikolaenko, an enthusiastic student of a local lore, an entire metallurgical "plant" was found which was built by the Turki in V - VI centuries. Thousands of furnaces were smoking there. And this is not the only finding in the Great Steppe.

There's no need to describe the history of iron, apparently, which was estimated equally with gold; these facts are well-known. Another thing is not sufficiently known - opinions of the contemporaries about the Turki of those times - the eve of the Great Nations Migrations. One can come across eloquent opinions.

The neighbors were interested how and why unknown forces were gathered with the Kipchaks? What allowed them to win?.. To lead a happy life? To have a strong army? Numerous families? Wellbeing couldn't have arisen by accident, "all of a sudden".

The Chinese, for example, marked a surprisingly high level of the Turkic economy development. China was the first country which felt the strength of the "new" Kipchaks who, having defeated its army, made China pay levy to them. China with population of many millions and secular dynastic traditions was powerless: it provided everything ordered by the Turki.

Turan nations of the Middle Asia also felt the slashes of the Turkic sabers. They were also forced to pay levy. According to the Chinese in 165 B.C. strong Turans (the Alans, apparently?) left their motherland for new lands. Later they appeared near the Caucasus foothills.

There are similar witnesses of rise of the Turki to the top of power and magnificence in Iranian literature; one can speak of them for a long time…

European literary sources cover a later period and they are eloquent to the certain extent. In "History" by Menandr Protector, for instance, it is told about the travel of a Zimarkh, the Byzantine dignitary, to the Turkic country. The Byzantine was amazed - iron being precious (he used the word "precious") in Europe was offered by common street traders here!

This single fact taken from a series shows that a scientific and technical revolution is evident - a real turnover (Of course this statement will give rise to disputes. They say iron has been known in Europe long since. Maybe. But one thing is to know, and the other - to have it. Judging by Zimarkh's notes there was no excess "precious" black metal in Europe. At least the Europeans didn't sell it to anybody but, on the contrary, they tried to get it by fair means or foul. Metallurgic centers on the territory of the Old World also haven't been found. Being hurt by that injustice, ambitious Europeans name the Alps, to tell the truth, but at that they forget that even if there was iron production there it was insignificant - there was no technology! One - two hundred kilograms of metal a year could hardly affect the European economy and the strength of its army. If there was iron it was delivered in minor quantities from the Minor Asia and the Caucasus, the regions which would remain the subject of rivalry between Persia and Rome for a long time.) wich was performed by the Turki in Altai and after that it became widespread in China and in the whole Europe.

Be it good or bad but the nations and countries defeated by the Kipchaks joined to achievements of high technology: generally speaking they left the Bronze Age and entered the Iron Age. One shouldn't deny this fact. One should be proud of it - scientific and technical achievements of one nation and country became the common property of the people. Similar things have happened in human history. And not only once.

It is natural that literary sources witnessing of the great "iron" epoch of the Turki appeared later than the furnaces. And archeologists found what was hidden from alien eyes. For example, the finding of the cast-iron plough in Altai speaks for itself, and the plough is over two thousand years old. Nothing of that kind ever happened in the world. And that plough, or the new cultivation technology came to Europe together with the Kipchaks… Barbarians and destroyers brought it… But what did they destroy? Hoe-mattock agriculture in Europe!

It is unlikely that anybody has performed more discoveries than academician A.P. Okladnikov - Columbus of Siberian archeology. The trouble is that that outstanding archeologist - organizer was working during the years of struggle against Turkism; there was a special way of thinking unacceptable for a normal human being. Scientists and authorities were deceiving each other.

Okladnikov rarely pointed out what nation lived in Altai and what happened to it. That was forbidden for anyone willing to play the game. "A vanished nation" - that was a conventional name chosen by him. And sometimes he deliberately emphasized the fact that these were not the Turki living in Altai. He said the Turki lead a nomadic life and they were the Mongoloids and his mythical "Altai inhabitants" and "Siberians" lead a settled life in log huts and were the Europeoids, which was a clear allusion to Slavic settlements. And that "allusion" was comprehended by the Slavophiles in the Kremlin.

One should think that those incoherent phrases were meant not for science but for those "running science". For the politicians it is important to see only what they want to see. There's no need to argue with them. The most important thing is that archeologists recognized new agricultural methods relating to the "vanished nation" and confirmed that by specific findings. That's all! All the rest is trifle and nonsense.

And if there was "not primitive hoe-mattock cultivating in Altai but highly developed plough one", continues academician Okladnikov, there was an "application of pulling power of cattle". Of course there was… And I would like to pay special attention to it. That idea came to Okladnikov's mind after the excavations of Ulan-Bator settlement on the bank of Unga river left by people more than a hundred and a half years ago. An amazing place!

Firstly, Ulan-Bator settlement was inhabited by the Europeiods, it has been existing for dozens of centuries. Secondly, craftsmen lived there who made millstones for hand mills among other inventory. It turns out people of Ulan-Bator settlement had something to mill.

A jug of millet seeds was found near one mill. It means the "vanished nation" was dealing with millet being a crop for them. Prisk, the Byzantine ambassador, also mentioned millet and rye.

Cattle-breeders and farmers richly lived in the settlement. This only fact tells a lot about the way of life of Altai inhabitants. But, no doubt, the nomads were also among them - for distant pastures. And how could they do without summer nomads' camps? Or without haymaking? It turns out there were tilt carts and herders used to live in them during pasture seasons. Rock paintings confirm that.

The Turki preferred a horse to all other animals. It was deified which is shown by burial places. Horse harness was always ornamented with crosses - the signs of Tengri - Heavenly God. For a real Turki there was no creature purer than a horse; there wasn't a grander creature. Its smell was better than any nectar. By the way, in Turkic language there are forty epithets meaning the color of a horse… Let us think about it - forty epithets…

Professor Rudenko wrote: "It is necessary to recognize that Altai inhabitants of that times had saddle-horses which were equal to the best horses of ancient world known due to excavations if not left them far behind". What can be added to the expert's words if the chronicles of Persia and India witness of the same?

A horse became flesh and blood of a Kipchak and replied with faithfulness to the nation - it lead the Turki to the steppe, opened its bewitching expanses. In fact, the whole life of steppe inhabitant since "Hun" times was lead on a horse or close to it. That was the way of life! Neither nation of the world had anything of that kind.

For their "horse" way of life - with a horse and on a horse - Altai inhabitants invented the clothes. A saddle with stirrups, a heel for a boot and many other items appeared because some fidgety Turki understood that having saddled a horse he would see the world better. That's why "to saddle a horse" was the first sacred will of a Kipchak.

Cemetery of Ulan-Bor also surprised the archeologists with burial ceremony. They hadn't met that ceremony before.

In Siberia departed were buried together with different items since olden days. Even the poorest person was to be let to another world with at least two arrows in his grave. On Ulan-Bor cemetery they found nothing. In neither grave. Neither a bead, nor cheap ornaments. Just the bones.

It is evident that Ulan-Bor inhabitants had another religious conception formerly unknown for science - it was deprived of a cult of subject. It means these were not the pagans living there! Scientists tried to connect it with Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Christianity and Manichaeism. All in vain. There was no connection. Although there was something in common. The buried were lying in coffins made of whole larch trunks; they were lying on their backs, their heads to the East. A certain religion was present; it was witnessed by other findings.

Thus, for example, several times the scientists have met stone plates with images of the clergymen in long dresses with a fluffy head of hair, with rods and a caducei (Caducei - a rod in the view of a winged stick embraced with two serpents. Caducei was an attribute of a God's herald (high clergyman); it was also used as a modern flag of truce, it was the sign of the messengers having a privilege from arrest sent to the enemy's camp) in their hands, sometimes with rapids(Ripid - round image of a cherub on a pole with which a member of higher orders of clergy blesses the Holy Gifts during a liturgy. Ripids mean presence of the angels in spiritual sense.). In the same place, on ancient rock paintings there is an image of altar with a chalice (Chalice - liturgical vessel for wine consecration and communion, a cup on a high tem, often made of precious metal and jobbing stones) standing on it together with the figures of clergymen on ritual dressing (robes).

Ceremonial paintings were found not only near Yenisei: an unknown religion, as it turned out later, had been becoming widespread almost in the whole Southern Siberia where the Turki lived. They looked unlikely. The most ancient finding was a stone fish of ritual meaning. There were three equilateral crosses on its belly.

These are the sun heavenly crosses! They are depicted on a fish which, according to an ancient eastern tradition, had a sign of a heavenly deity… An extremely important finding! But having answered one question it gave rise to dozens of others… For example, why did the Pope, who was supposedly God's deputy on the Earth, have an ancient ring with an image of that fish on his finger? That ring is handed over from generation to generation in Vatican. It is the symbol of the origin in Christianity. Then what did that symbol have to do with a wild Altai nation? And it appeared much earlier than in Rome or Greece? And why in Altai?

In later ritual findings the "heavenly" fish was accompanied by a sun deer. Okladnikov supposed that the Turki have formed their own vision of the world three thousand years ago: fish was a water inhabitant, a serpent lived in the nether world, they embodied the "lower and middle world", a deer represented the "higher" world - the heavenly element.

Later a cross became the symbol of Altai mental culture. An equilateral one. And not a cross, to put it more preciously; it cannot be called a cross. Four lines joined each other at right angles in the holy center. The upper perpendicular - the deer's line, two side lines represented a fish and man himself, the lower line was the line of a serpent. Thus there was the sign embodying the world harmony - it was called adzhi.

Archeologists found equilateral "crosses" made of gold or iron in the burial places of the Kipchaks more than once; their size was similar with size of St. George order or the German Cross. That tradition was born long before Attila… But how and when did all those ritual religious images appear in the Southern Siberia? With clerics in long robes? With a chalice? With a "cross"?

Okladnikov dated that period rather strangely. Within the interval: end of the past - beginning of Common Era; IX century is the latest possible date. A strange estimation, indeed! But that approximation isn't casual: in the country where atheism has become an official ideology discussion of religious issues wasn't in favor…

Items of a religious cult - the same chalices or caducei - clearly witnessed of Christian rituals on their Orthodox variety. Presence of a "cross" on the images dispelled the last doubts. Everything seemed to be clear… But what Christianity before Common Era (!) could be in question? They were excavating the "wild" Asian culture… Thus archeologists had to slip out. They had to act in compliance with the rules accepted in Soviet science; the works were financed and publications were guaranteed.

Okladnikov applied another usual method of Soviet science: in case a discovery wasn't in accordance with an ideological conception of the wild Turkic nomads, they invented another nation - Sogdians - who have supposedly come from Tajikistan - became such a nation in Ulan-Bor.

Why from Tajikistan? Lamps similar with those having been found in Ulan-Bor were fond there. That was enough to make a statement about the "Sogdians".

Academician A.P. Okladnikov was not only a good archeologist; he was a "politically correct" scientist, especially when he wrote: "Deep Asia was the motherland of Turkic nomad tribes which have been also rushing for the West, up to Dnepr and Danube, at all times". Thus - in a versatile Soviet language being unacceptable for normal science - he described the borders of Desht-I-Kpchak which are in full accordance with the descriptions by Jordan and other historians and archeological data.

Turkic world originated in "deep Asia"; the cradle of Turkic civilization was discovered and investigated by Soviet archeologists, perhaps, against their will. Their findings confirmed the formation of a unique culture which master was never called. In Soviet Union the new culture was called "Siberian" and it was ascribed to the "vanished" nation. Let it be. Facts are the top of priorities.

For example, in one of the caves archeologists found a sculpture having seen which they suspected it to be a fake - it looked too accurate from the modern viewpoint. It had a woman face, that impression was growing in the candlelight, but as soon as one went away to the edge of the cave the oval of the face would change. An image of a warrior was seen in the stone. A brave face of a strong man. A very delicate work. The artist has cut it of a natural stalagmite and left his work in that sacred cave for centuries.

What was the most surprising thing? The lock, hair, hanging down form the shaven head - a "tuft". An outlined oval face, shortened chin with a dimple and a lock on the left side of the head. Here it is - a khokhol (in Russian language the words "khokhol" and "tuft" are close in pronunciation). The most ancient sculpture in its honor: a "heavenly man" whom the warriors worshipped. Words of oaths for faithfulness to the Turkic nation were said there.

The Turki borrowed a tradition to leave a lock on a shaven head from Krishna followers, apparently, who were the personification of sanctity in the East. Among the Kumyks, as the aged told, people with a tuft on a shaven head could be met in the beginning of XX century. They left it with a boy who was about to die. They thought that God would see a lock from above and not let a person be lost another time.

… Ancient art of the Southern Siberia is more convincing than words. Maybe not all the images and sculptures were made by a Tutkic hand. Maybe international origin is present in the "Siberian culture". Furthermore, the Turki borrowed certain things from the Chinese, Persians, Tibetans with whom they used to keep in touch. But…

In II century, when the Great Nations Migration began, when towns and villages in the "deep Asia" became empty - towns and villages near which typical everyday items, rock paintings, statues were found, - nobody has breathed life in those lands - the Kipchaks left for Europe, and their culture departed with them. However, it hasn't departed; it remained. But its scope was changed.

Stone images are a marvelous sight. Everything is sedate and solemn in them. The paintings on rocks along Lena River remained well; time had mercy on them. Okladnikov: "Images of horses and riders are often the main subject here. Horses are often ornamented with plumes and tassels under bridles. Sharp scallops of a cut mane are seen on their necks. Sometimes the horses are put into a special armor which, as well as armor on the figures of the riders, is reproduced by transverse lines. Spears with flags are seen in riders' hands".

It might seem that was enough to hear the clatter of horses' hoofs, to see the riders themselves having trusted one's imagination. These are the images of the Great Nations Migration, after all! But everything is in silence. Even the poets kept silence. And those rock paintings coincide with written evidences of European historians who have seen Kipchak warriors in IV century for the first time. Isn't that interesting? Doesn't that explain and prove anything?

In Shishkino village near Lena River a battle scene is excellently depicted on the rock: riders with flags in their hands; their horses in rich harnesses. Even the smallest details of riders' clothes were painted. Are these the unknown warriors? Who, which nation of the world apart from the Kipchaks had a similar army? How long should they keep silence in taiga backwoods?

Let us have a look at the flags of the riders. All of them are fixed to a staff, three transverse "tails" are fixed from the side - these tails were fluttering on the move, during the galloping. Flags with two tails were also met.

It turns out the cult of a flag existed three years ago with the Turki for a flag was deemed to be a talisman of an ulus, the spirit being the guardian of the family that lived there; it helped to gain victories. Thus a flag became a relic: they made sacrifices to it; it was the centre of the family, its spirit… And God forbid if anything happens to it. It led to mental death of a family; it wasn't recognized even by people living. To let a flag fall and especially to break a staff was an evil omen. Hence are the phrases "broken spirit", "to loose heart", apparently…(It is interesting that in the paintings from Radzivillovskaya Chronicle in the battle scenes the lost part could be distinguished by a flag which was always inclined) A flag ("tuh" in Turkic) was the reflection of the Turkic philosophy.

Should one be surprised at the fact that in Europe flags of the Turkic type became widespread after IV century and remained until now. As well as attitude towards a flag being a relic, although the origins of that tradition have been forgotten.

Rock paintings of "deep Asia" gibe answer to many "European" questions… Besides the series of images sometimes one can come across the writings - runic inscriptions - conjurations. They were made by the authors of paintings and sculptures. Here is an autograph of the "vanished nation". It shouldn't be invented…

Everything (including Altai letters) appeared in Europe at the same time in IV century. Even flags with a cross (An equilateral cross was the totem sign of Kerei ulus. Attila belonged to that family, apparently, the cross was on its flag. Each Turkic ulus had its sign, its guardian, its tree, its bird. Kerei family is known with almost all Turkic nations).

Archeological monuments, discovered, for instance, by Hungarian scientists, are very similar to "vanished" Siberian ones, they seem to be their copies; the only difference is that they are younger… The Great Nations Migration couldn't leave without a trace, otherwise it couldn't be called Great!

In Hungarian burials of the warriors archeologists found the plates with a "Siberian" ornament. Those plates are double: the upper (silver or golden) plate was fixed to the lower (copper or bronze) one. There were no such plates in Siberia. But the sabers, the harness ornament, arrow-heads and belt plaques were absolutely the same with Siberian ones. It turned out the "vanished nation" retained its customs in Europe. And at the same time the Kipchaks discovered many new things there. Their culture wasn't dead, it wasn't dissolved but kept on developing.

Later the district where those amazing plates have been produced was found between Dnepr and Don; it was called Lebediya (Kumaniya in Turkic). People worshipped swans there (in Russian the word swan is pronounced as "lebed"). And that technology of "double" gilding has been invented much earlier.

It is fixed in the findings of Pazyryksk barrows. Two and a half thousand years ago Altai inhabitants dealt with gold and mercury: they covered items with golden foil (using mercury solutions). By the way, in the Middle Ages the Europeans used to gild the domes of churches the same way.

And isn't the finding near the foot of a rock near Krasnoyarsk surprising? The map of starry sky is depicted there. The Great Bear, the North Star are vividly seen… Five thousand years ago someone needed to "draw" that map. People were just learning to deal with bronze those days, coming from the dense Stone Age. And the map of starry sky. That is fantastic.

Another finding also nonpluses; the one from Azhirai-Adzhirai sanctuary. A crocodile eating the Sun is depicted there. How did they know about a tropical monster in Altai?.. It turns out the map of starry sky had an actual practical purpose - it helped to wander.

Even common bricks also bear serious information for archeologists. Buildings in the "deep Asia" were made of the same bricks as the sites of ancient settlements on the Lower Don. For example, an entire underground town of V - VI ages in Aksai! Now there is a museum there with the stand of exhibited bricks of all conceivable and inconceivable shapes, sizes and ages.

On Don, as well as in Altai, they produced similar bricks - with images (stamps) of absolutely the same animals and riders. Ancient Bulgarian capital Pereslava was made of bricks with the same "trade marks"; maybe that was the town where Prisk came. There are rock paintings in Bulgaria which seem to be the copies of known Altai ones… All this is far from being casual coincidences.

By the way, "brick" (in Russian pronounced as "kirpich") is the Turkic word. It comes from the word "kirpech" - "loam from an oven". Archeologists suggest that a brick should be called another "identity card" of the Turki. Why not? Especially since the Turki knew about palace architecture. Near Abakan, the Siberian town, a "building of a palace type", as it was humbly called by archeologists, has been excavated. Almost two thousand years ago… And how many palaces are still under the ground due to public ignorance?

Thoughts are in a whirl after reading the books by professor S.I. Rudenko and academician A.P.Okladnikov. The latter, during the years of censorial terror, plucked up his courage and not long before his death entered the immortality as the scientist having written the truth: "It turns out that ancient Turkic Siberia is closer connected with the West than with the East. Its cultures were found richer and brighter than one could have expected. On Baikal banks, on Angara and Lena the ways of cultures of East and West met and parted, original cultural hearths, powerful for those times, existed; and the history of Eurasia cannot be understood not taking those hearth into consideration… As we can see due to the findings from… Baikal lands… those connections lead to Don And Danube".

The truth about the Kipchaks, without any reservations, was openly declared for the first time. Europe originated in Siberia, indeed!

Part II

The World of the Wild Field

This example with kolobok is significant: nothing tasty can be baked without flour. Whatever you may say, but a kolobok, even kneaded with sour cream, is uneatable… The same thing happened to Russian history: can the history of a great nation exist without the truth?

Only THE TRUTH - bitter truth! - is the best medicine for Russia and its future. Only the truth will save the country from befallen shame and ruin. For History, in its higher meaning, is an instrument of protection of the Truth from the pressure of inventions.

Consolidated lie never brought luck to anybody: neither to the Slavs who are wearing a foreign hat, nor to the Turki who were deprived of their own one. But historical Truth remained. It can't disappear - it can only sometimes be forgotten. Unfortunately it hasn't been documented yet. It remained in people's memory, legends and traditions…

How long will we be at odds with each other? And in the name of what? We've forgotten our relationship, we don't remember how our murderous conflict originated: we've been scowling for centuries. Russians are not guilty of Turkic tragedy. It occurred long before Kiev Russia…

Everything started in IV century. That time the whole Europe trembled having heard the thud of horses' hoofs, having seen the dust on the road. That was a signal of Kipchaks' arrival; the towns came to a standstill in expectation of their fate, anxiety sprang up there. The Great Nations Migration was completed.

In IV century formation of the face of modern Europe began. European nations became free from power of Roman despots. Hated empire has fallen, pagan Rome collapsed together with former dependence, humiliation, slavery and fear which had been tormenting Europe for more than seven centuries making it perhaps the most backward corner of civilized world.

Unfortunately not many documents of those times remained - perhaps, only the notes of Prisk, a Byzantine ambassador, and a few other papers. These are the only documents written by the eyewitnesses. The rest was written later by a craven hand on deceitful paper.

No other nation, no other European country has ever been described as deceitfully as Attila and his nation - founders of Desht-I-Kipchak - have. All sins known to the world have been ascribed to the Turki. Savages, nomads, Huns, depredators, barbarians… What else?

European historians, as though mocking at the Kipchaks, were dividing them for "nations" and "small nations", they rarely mentioned the community of the newcomers and their national unity. Their culture, at last. The word "Turki" has obtained a shade of faceless wildness. It became indecent to be called a Turki!

And invention of new names for the Kipchaks wasn't accidental. Greeks used to call them "Huns" some time. But at first the words "Huns" and "Turki" meant the same in their language. Here is the line from a Byzantine document of 572: "At that the Huns whom we usually call the Turki…". Later the word "Huns" obtained another meaning - "riffraff", "crowd".

Why was it a crowd? Can a nation be called a crowd having conquered half of the world? Or can it be called riffraff? Soldiers from defeated countries were really fighting under Kipchak flags - the strong have subjugated the weak. But in the word "Hun" there isn't the slightest allusion to the native nation in whose hands battle flags were waving. The Huns were turned into a nameless mass, a hostile army having no ethnic signs. But is that true?

And who are they from a European viewpoint?

The article about them in Encyclopedia Britannica is rather punctual. The emphasis is placed on their nomadic life but their culture is passed over in silence. Historic dates are accurate… But it is impossible to understand what nation is called with the word "Huns". It is also impossible to determine what language it was speaking. Much has been said but it means nothing.

There is an article, it seems to be right, but lack of most important details makes it impossible to consider it a source of information. We should mention that it has become a secret rule for scientific literature concerning the Turki. It seems keeping back has become an indispensable condition of certain publications… Evidently it is the authors' goal - to talk without finishing.

In Russia the Huns were described in a rude and candid manner. "Nomad nation having been formed in II-IV centuries near Ural of Turkic-speaking Hunnus and local Ugros and Sarmats, - one can read in the most popular modern Encyclopedia. - Mass migration of Huns to the West (since 70-s of IV century) gave rise to so-called Great Nations Migration. Having defeated several German and other tribes, they headed a powerful union of the tribes which used to perform devastating campaigns against many countries. Their power was at its highest point during Attila's reign. Huns' advance to the west was stopped as they were defeated in Kataluan Fields (451). After Attila's death the union of the tribes broke up".

Each line is full of lie. Big lie or little lie, malevolent or accidental. Thus, for example, the Great Nations Migrations commenced not in the end of IV century, but in the beginning of II century, it started not in Ural but in Altai. The Turki have already become a single nation by the 70-s of IV century, they were well-known in the East, they had their literature. In 372 Balamir-khan crossed Don (Tanais) and entered European steppes. And one century earlier the Turki have settled Caucasian foothills and the whole steppe from Altai. It would be wrong to assert that the nation formed the tribes and that the Sarmats lived near Ural - they originated from Persia. And Attila's army wasn't defeated in 451; that fact was invented by the Europeans

Desht-I-Kipchak state can be hardly called a "union of tribes". Turkic state system with a single ruler, power institutes and economics had been enrapturing the Chinese for two thousand years, that is witnessed by Chinese chronicles and, for instance, "The Book of Shan Region Governors"… What else can be said?

Yes, there were the Roman Empire, Byzantium - great European powers, but Desht-I-Kipchak also existed and both those powers had been paying levy to it from the beginning of IV century. And, indeed, it is inconvenient to remind of things which are written even in Encyclopedia Britannica.

Ancestors should be seen as they were, without embroidery and not concealing their deeds. And one should better trust the facts but not emotions.

The area of Desht-I-Kipchak impressed the contemporaries. The Roman Empire looked like a miserable province as compared with Turkic land, and Byzantium could be treated as a remote district. It covered the Alps in the West - the very center of Europe near Danube source and stretched for thousands of kilometers to the East - beyond Baikal lake: according to Zimarkh, the Byzantine dignitary, Arab traveler Ibn Battuta and other travelers, it took eight months to cross the Turkic country form East to West.

In the South Desht-I-Kipchak bordered upon Bosporus, it remained up to the present time in a general way; it still divides Greece and Bulgaria which was a Desht-I-Kipchak chaganat and was called the Great Bulgaria.

Northern Caucasus foothills also belonged to Desht-I-Kipchak, the border got deep into the South, it stretched over Caspian Sea coast through the "Iron Gates" to Transcaucasia and Iran - in the middle of III century the whole Nakhichevan territory became a Kipchak outpost in the remote South.

The northern border of Attila's kingdom was cut off by nature itself: coniferous forests and morasses impassable for a rider. One of its sections lay on Moskva-river, others - on Oka and marshy woodlands… The lands of modern Tatarstan were the north of Desht-I-Kipchak A vast country, impressive scales… The strongest irritant for envious rulers of Rome and Byzantium who had been unconditionally yielding to the Turki until the middle of V century.

The great steppe country appeared almost "out of nowhere"… Europe had time to forget about its existence having dazzled itself. But still, the country existed! And the Turki whose horses have reached the Mediterranean Sea coast and have been trampling the earth of British Isles lived there… This is the real and forgotten history of Europe of IV-V and all the following centuries. The Turki haven't ever left their land, unless for America!

And whatever Europeans call the Turki and Attila, documents of those times remained. These are the words by Romul, the Roman dignitary, which haven't been lost by a fluke: "None of those who have ever reigned over Scythia or other lands has ever performed anything compared with Attila's great deeds. His dominion stretches over islands in the ocean. And the Scythians are not the only ones who pay levy to him; Rome was also forced to do it. His military power is so strong that no nation is able to stand up against it (bold provided - M.A.)". Should we comment on these words? That person was versed in politics; he was taking part in it.

Not only Europe but China and Persia also paid levy to the Turki.

"His military power is so strong that no nation is able to stand up against it…" It seems these words gave rise to that hatred which dazzled Europe and hasn't been forgotten yet. One couldn't even dream of an army like a Turkic. The Kipchaks used to wage a war with iron sabers and long pikes, they had iron chain armor and helmets. European arms and armor were made of bronze for the most part. Steppe inhabitants used to go into action on horses while for Europeans a horse was an unheard-of luxury… It wasn't the same with the Turki. Everything was much better.

Speaking about the Kipchak army historians usually neglect their evident technical and tactical superiority. The Turki usually defeated backward Europeans due to their fighting tactics and excellent armament. Their army was well equipped and organized. There were no wild hordes having appeared from the East.

The Romans called the Kipchaks "barbarians" due to their fighting tactics. The Greeks used to call the Romans the same some time. Many mysterious things are contained in this word. What was meant? At first "barbarian" meant "someone failing to act in accordance with certain rules". In Rome it obtained another meaning - "one not being a Roman citizen", i.e. "an alien"… There may be other explanations, apparently. But this word didn't have a pejorative shade which emerged later.

And why should the Kipchaks accept backward rules of a European fighting? They were the artists on a battlefield. A horse and a saber made them the masters of the situation in the Roman Empire and far beyond its bounds.

Could Europe forgive the Turki its former weakness after the revenge? Such things can never be forgotten.

The Kipchaks regarded Byzantium as their tributary to whom they were obliged to render assistance according to steppe customs. And they did. In 306 Constantine became the emperor, his position was very strong. As a matter of fact he was a formal emperor, until 312 when Turkic cavalry ("barbarians") defeated Maksentsian's army on Mulviysk Bridge and unexpectedly appeared near the walls of Rome itself! Thus the Kipchaks delivered Byzantium from Roman power. Byzantine emperor was obliged to pay levy for that… Normal relations between two countries - the vassal and the master.

As he took the superior position, sometimes Attila was talking to Byzantine ambassadors sitting on a horseback and not showing his respect to them. He was the master of Europe, and the ambassadors knew that. They would stand before the leader in roadside dust and catch his every sight… The Byzantines were driven crazy due to their weakness, they tried to poison Attila several times - they didn't know any other way to overthrow him. Having exposed another conspiracy, Attila uttered the only word: "War!" in response to apologies. And that was enough - a single word gave rise to a tumult in the whole great Byzantium.

Feodosiy the emperor promptly made the amount of levy twice as much as it was. Constantinople humbly carried out any orders of incensed Attila: everything but war. Cowardly Greeks were shrinking having seen any cloud coming from the North.

At first they paid 350 libres annually. But the historians called that levy "insignificant payment, a kind of gift". A nice gift - two buckets of gold! Later the Greeks gave 2000 libres, also "as a gift".

Of course, liberality was not peculiar to Byzantine emperors; while the Turki were acting by force, the Byzantines used gold and ruse.

Secret confrontation between them has always existed. It became apparent in big and small issues. Because evident difference in moral climate of two allies has always existed. This moral gave rise to many controversies and misunderstanding which became the part of history

Thus, one day a debate arose during one of Attila's feasts, the Greeks compared Feodosiy, their emperor, with God, and the Kipchaks - kindly souls - were at a loss: "Man cannot be compared with God". "Divine" and "earthy" were incompatible terms for them. The Huns "resignedly honor their belief in the simplicity of their soul", - marked the Greeks with a smile of superiority.

But the Turki knew: "one should speak and believe without any doubts". Thus their wisdom taught, on which the moral of Turkic society based. The image of Heavenly God was above all for a Turki. Mental freedom was in their blood - and God saved the Turki.

Similar discrepancies have been arising earlier between the Turki and the Chinese: they also considered their emperor to be a living God. Wars commenced due to those discrepancies. Is it a conflict of belief or a conflict of cultures?.. It seems neither this nor that. Different world outlooks.

Sacred war against China lasted for about five hundred years. Kipchak army was defeating a million strong army again and again, but the victory wasn't gained in the battlefield. The Chinese, being versed in diplomacy and having another moral skillfully bred strife in Turkic society and finally split it to Northern and Southern branches. The Turki couldn't lie. "Don't give false evidence" was the commandment of their belief in Altai.

It is important to emphasize the fact that discrepancies between Attila and Rome and Byzantium were not of military character: there were no controversies in the battlefield. Everything was more intricately and deeper - two cultures, eastern and western, confronted again. Two different outlooks, two morals. The Turki believed in Heavenly God - Tengri-Khan, they associated their victories and pleasures with His name, while the Europeans remained pagans although their rulers have rejected pagan deities: unfortunately human consciousness changes rather slowly as compared with the words coming from their lips.

Freedom-loving Turki offered their cultural wealth to Europe… It turns out that Attila's nickname "God's Scourge" is more than accurate and righteous. His wars were not against belief. They were for belief in Heavenly God.

Turkic creed is to be described later; we shall just mention that Prisk in V century and later Jordan pointed to Christianity. Although future historians have also "forgotten" that. (Let's not use the word "Christianity" for a while for those days it had a different meaning.)

The only and the most ancient version of Attila's reign is contained in "Getika", the work of VI century signed by Jordan. Unfortunately the author had a vague idea of his hero: he wrote it a hundred years after commander's death, he wrote it with jaundice and craftiness from dictation of Roman censure. Perhaps the whole black paint available in Europe those days was gathered for that purpose. But other literature has been obliterated.

To tell the truth, logic and the outline of events remained and they don't tie in with proposed text.

Jordan called the Kipchaks Geths or Goths (another name was assigned to a Turkic nation due to him). However, Jordan is an alias or a changed Turkic name. The author himself makes us think so.

"O, reader, you should know, - he asserted, - that following the writings of the elders I managed to gather just a few flowers from their vast meadows, and I twined a wreath for a searching one to the extent of my mind. But don't you think that I, being the descendant of aforesaid tribe, added something for its benefit in addition to what I've read or learnt. If I didn't cover everything what is written and said of those people, I described it not of their glory but of the glory of those who've defeated them (bold provided. - M.A.)".

At the end Jordan added: "The work relating to antiquity and Geths' acts is finished; the Geths were defeated by Justinian-emperor through Velizariy-the-consul who was faithful to the empire…". To tell the truth that addition is controversial; it wasn't contained in ancient texts. (Original was also edited, apparently.)

This unfortunate work gave rise to humiliation of Turkic nation in Europe and deliberate misrepresentation of its true history. Jordan left a thoughtful message. A mysterious one. Can't a penance for everything that was done be read in it - he humiliated his nation to a great extent. And the author himself alludes in so many words to the fact that he has just "twined a wreath for a searching one", i.e. only a searching one will be able to understand him. Although these were not the searching ones who have read "Getika".

Jordan hasn't written a single word in favor of his fellow countrymen, but the facts, which he has skillfully mentioned, speak for him. And that's why his work is valuable: it was composed of false words but it contains true facts. It's a paradox but it's true.

And maybe Jordan's innate wisdom becomes apparent in his work - his mind gave him power over tongue and pen? Maybe it is not a dictation of a Roman novice, but a cryptography allowing the inquisitive descendants to learn the truth about the disaster? Who would have let him write his story not being free? Dozens of eyes were fixed on him.