It is strange, isn't it? "Craven", "cowardice", "running away from the battlefield" Kipchaks defeated the invincible Mongols… And poor Russians didn't know about that?

Or they did but kept it secret through their old habit? By the way, the Mongols prefer not to mention that continuation of the battle of Kalka regarding it as a casualty. It might be so… But khan Sudebei returned from the Great Steppe with light luggage.

Now it seems clear why de Quistine offered to "prohibit reading all the Russian historians and first of all Karamzin". It is really better to stay in the dark than to live close to a lie presented as the truth. The words of Karamzin sound like a mockery: "History is the sacred book of the nations, the mirror of their lives, the tablet of their revelations and rules, the testament of the ancestors to the descendants".

Unfortunately, the Russian "tablet of revelations and rules" has been written according to the traditions of the Greek historiography where a lie is necessary. And isn't it the reason Russia has no "testament of the ancestors" due to the authors?! Let us not forget that, as a matter of fact, the memory of the nation, its culture and enlightenment are in question. An ignorant nation is a crowd. Ignorance provoked by science is treason.

People have been often playing with purity of Turkic souls. They believed when they were deceived… In XIII century the Mongols succeeded in that: Chingis-Khan headed their army and at first the Kipchaks didn't regard the Mongols as the enemies. But after the battles in the Caucasus and at Kalka they recognized duplicity of the Mongols and thus they defeated them without mercy. The defeat at Itil was like a cold shower: even Chingis-Khan understood he would never succeed in an open fight with the Great Steppe.

Everything was decided by accident as it has already happened in the history of nations.

Once Mangush, the son of Kotyan-khan, was hunting in the steppe. He met Akkubul-khan in the fields; he was an old rival of their family. They'd better pass one another!.. History could have taken another way. But they didn't, they faced each other. In a word, Akkubuk killed the young fellow in the fight. As soon as the sorrowful news reached Dnepr - the lands of Kotyan-khan - he gathered the army in Zaporozhye and moved it to Don, to the lands of Akkubul-khan. Zaporozhye troopers had a really good time at Don.

Wounded Akkubul hardly saved himself and, having found no strength for the riposte, sent Ansarar, his brother, to ask the Mongols for assistance. He brought the Mongols to Don.

That wasn't an invasion but an INVITATION of 1228 - in five years after Kalka - that was fatal for Desht-I-Kipchak. The Mongols deceived again, they didn't forget anything to the quarreling Kipchaks, they didn't have mercy on Akkubul - it was too late for the Turki to gather the army.

Desht-I-Kipchak got the new name under the Mongol government in Russia - the Golden Horde. It turned in the remote region of the Mongolian Empire from the flourishing country; and the Empire was acting basically due to the Kipchaks. And that was another absurdity in the Turkic history - they always have the keys of their manacles in their own pockets (Some time ago, serving to Rome and Byzantium, the Kipchaks killed Attila's empire themselves. And then were the Mongols. Everything repeated… History hasn't taught the Turki anything.).

Two and a half centuries of the Mongol slavery broke down the Truki as the nation: many things were forgotten by themselves; many things were forgotten by force. Fear and desire to gain favor were becoming the part of the character of the steppe nation. Like a dog stretching to his master's hand, they were stretching to the Mongol-Tatars, and they started to lick Moscow boots.

… After all, it is good that the word "Desht-I-Kipchak" was deleted from the European maps - there was less of shame. And it just disappeared… To tell the truth, independent Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan appeared - legal successors of Desht-I-Kipchak, its history and culture… But will the people there remember the Great Steppe, their "disappeared" Motherland?

Power of the Mongols covered almost all the Turkic lands. Persian author Djuvaini excellently described that in the 50s of XIII century in the book "History of the Conquest of the World". No doubt, baron Tisengausen read that book; he was interested in everything relating to Desht-I-Kipchak.

People have been often playing with purity of Turkic souls. They believed when they were deceived… In XIII century the Mongols succeeded in that: Chingis-Khan headed their army and at first the Kipchaks didn't regard the Mongols as the enemies. But after the battles in the Caucasus and at Kalka they recognized duplicity of the Mongols and thus they defeated them without mercy. The defeat at Itil was like a cold shower: even Chingis-Khan understood he would never succeed in an open fight with the Great Steppe.

Everything was decided by accident as it has already been happening in the history of nations.

Once Mangush, the son of Kotyan-khan, was hunting in the steppe. He met Akkubul-khan in the fields; he was an old rival of their family. They'd better pass one another!.. History could have taken another way. But they didn't, they faced each other. In a word, Akkubuk killed the young fellow in the fight. As soon as the sorrowful news reached Dnepr - the lands of Kotyan-khan - he gathered the army in Zaporozhye and moved it to Don, to the lands of Akkubul-khan. The troopers had a really good time at Don.

Wounded Akkubul hardly saved himself and, having found no strength for the riposte, sent Ansarar, his brother, to ask the Mongols for assistance. He brought the Mongols to Don.

That wasn't an invasion but an INVITATION of 1228 - in five years after Kalka - that was fatal for Desht-I-Kipchak. The Mongols deceived again, they didn't forget anything to the altercating Kipchaks, they didn't have mercy on Akkubul - it was too late for the Turki to gather the army.

Desht-I-Kipchak got the new name under the Mongol government in Russia - the Golden Horde. It turned in the remote region of the Mongolian Empire from the flourishing country; and the Empire was acting basically due to the Kipchaks. And that was another absurdity in the Turkic history - they always have the keys of their manacles in their own pockets(Some time ago, serving to Rome and Byzantium, the Kipchaks killed Attila's empire themselves. And then were the Mongols. Everything repeated… History hasn't taught the Turki anything.).

Two and a half centuries of the Mongol slavery broke down the Truki as the nation: many things were forgotten by themselves; many things were forgotten by force. Fear and desire to gain favor were becoming the part of the character of the steppe nation. Like a dog stretching to his master's hand, they were stretching to the Mongol-Tatars, and they started to lick Moscow boots.

… After all, it is good that the word "Desht-I-Kipchak" was deleted from the European maps - there was less of shame. And it just disappeared… To tell the truth, independent Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan appeared - legal successors of Desht-I-Kipchak, its history and culture… But will the people there remember the Great Steppe, their "disappeared" Motherland?

Power of the Mongols covered almost all the Turkic lands. Persian author Djuvaini excellently described that in the 50s of XIII century in the book "History of the Conquest of the World". No doubt, baron Tisengausen read that book; he was interested in everything relating to Desht-I-Kipchak.

In Djuvaini's story one can find admiration for trustful Kipchak "losers" who underwent terrible ordeals sent by fate, and they held out with dignity arising Djuvaini's delight. The author of the Chinese work "History of the First Four Khans of Chingis-Khan Family" also said many good words.

Russia was the only country where truthful words concerning its southern neighbor that suffered a terrible in trouble in XIII century have never been heard. Under the Mongols Eastern-European steppes have become "ancient Russian". That is asserted by Russian science (For example, professor Pletneva interprets invasion of the Mongols into Desht-I-Kipchak as the "seizure of the southern Russian steppes"!!! And nothing else. It goes without saying she's not the only one adhering to that official Russian position.).

But how long have the Turkic steppes belonged to them? In what war and against whom have they been conquered?

Invasion of the Mongols to Russia was of peculiar character. Here is the text confirming that: "Before the Mongols came numerous Russian principalities of the Varangian origin that recognized the power of the Great Kiev Prince only theoretically, in fact didn't form the united state, and the name of the united Russian nation cannot be applied to the tribes of the Slavic origin that lived there.

Those tribes were united due to the impact of Mongolian dominion and formed the Moscow Principality which has become the Russian Empire afterwards (bold provided. - M.A.)". These are the words of the famous Mongolian historian Kharadavan.

It turns out those were the Mongols who created Moscow Principality, strengthened it and introduced into its political sphere of influence. They needed an ally in the north of Europe being the enemy of the Great Steppe at the same time. The union between the Mongols and the Russians is also evident for another reason - there has never been a single(!) Mongol ruler in Russia. Russians princes have been always governing themselves… Alas, these are the facts evident from the Mongolian and the Russian chronicles.

The Mongols were interested in levy in Russia; they would come for it twice a year. And they collected it skillfully!

The Church was exempted from paying levy. In 1270 Mengu-Timur-Khan issued an order which started with the words: "No one should dare disgrace the churches and offend the metropolitans in Russia…" Uzbek-Khan expanded the privileges of the clergy introducing the death penalty for the infringers not considering the fact "whether they are the Russians or the Mongolians".

The Mongols needed Moscow Principality to collect levy; thus they created it by XIV century. Tver princes were rarely allowed to perform that procedure. So the horrors about the Tatar-Mongol yoke proceeded not from the mythical "Tatars". The Mongol khan presented the insignia - the hat - to his "deputy" in Russia.

Hence is an expression "Heavy Monomakh's hat"… It was presented to the Moscow Prince in XIV century when the town has become the collector of levy. The Great Khan presented it to his deputy in the Russian lands for faithful service. The hat has become the symbol of autocracy in Russia (In the end of XV - beginning of XVI centuries the Greeks invented a legend according to which that symbol of autocracy was supposed to be sent by the Byzantine emperor Constantine II Monomakh to Vladimir, the Kiev Prince… But that is another absurdity.). The Great Khan and other khans had the same hats.

At the same time the neighbors invented the word moscal - thus they called the "Moscow collectors".

Moscow notably prospered under the prince Ivan I (? - 1340), who was nicknamed Kalita (The word "Kolita" is Turkic. "Kol" means "hand", "iti" means "to collect". Thus it means "collector".). He was the great man, the real politician, the collector of the whole Russia who has made political and economic bases of the Moscow State. A metropolis was opened in Moscow during his reign.

However, 1472 was the main year in the history of the Moscow Principality when they brought the late bride Sophia Paleologus, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor. The marriage of Ivan III opened the doors to Europe for Moscow making the principality a successor of non-existing Byzantium… A very promising diplomatic act; it gave Moscow delivery of power of the Horde!

Russia was rising not due to trade, not due to a war, but due to humility towards the Mongols and cruelty towards the Russians. That completely suited the Greeks who were intending to take the place of the Mongols in Russia… Moscow Principality was growing rapidly adding the lands of their neighbors to it. Nothing could stop it. Luxury and debauchery stroke all the visitants. The town lived "on the corpse of society", as marquise de Quistine has mentioned.

Climent Adams, the Englishman, who visited Russia in 1553, was dazzled with magnificence of the prince's chambers: "There was a small table in the middle of the chamber… A great many precious items, vases, bowls, cups made of the best gold lay there…"

To tell the truth, splendor embarrassed those having seen other starving Russian principalities. Certain princes couldn't even buy clothes, and the people used to "walk from one village into another in order to get some coal"… Foreigners marked that also.

Formerly just a part of levy collected in Moscow was transferred to the Horde. Something was due to it for its work, something was simply theft, and something was collected over excessively. The town had the money. And after that the whole levy collected in Russia usually appeared in the Kremlin cellars… That made them think about defence of the Kremlin. About their own army!

Paying levy, the Moscow Principality formerly bought defence for itself. However humiliating was that procedure, it was the payment for guarding of the borders. For example, Alexander Nevsky would have never gained a victory on the ice of the lake. Russian foot (not an army!) were winning under the hooting of the "beastly knights". Cavalry was dominating in the ending of the battle of April 5th, 1242; the steppe inhabitants left not a ghost of a chance to the enemies of Russia (This is a lie what is ascribed to Alexander Nevsky; it doesn't comply, for example, with history of Sweden and modern Finland. Those two countries were the parties in the battle of Neva. And the Russians didn't take part in it. The Russians saw its ending from the other bank of Neva. Alexander with his patrol was among the observers (about fifty riders); he wasn't heading the Russian army since Russia couldn't have one. It paid levy to be defended.).

In the beginning of XIV century the Mongols demanded on the Russians to pay levy in silver. But silver wasn't extracted in Russia. They had to get it from abroad. Thus Russia joined international trade. Moscow Russia knew only fairs before - not trade but exchange of goods (Of course somebody may find author's estimation of establishment of trade relations in Moscow Russia subjective. One can remember Sadko, western merchants who used to visit ancient Novgorod and Kiev… That's right. But that is not Moscow Russia! Moscow Principality cannot be regarded as the historical successor of Kiev Russia or White Russia. Thus their history cannot be ascribed to them - these are different nations and different countries. They might be Slavic according to the terminology of Russian historians, but still they are different. For example, coins have existed in Kiev Russia for ages; and Moscow learnt about the money only due to the Horde. Its first rubles were the cut pieces of a silver wire; they also cut small coins - kopecks - from it. By the way, "kopeck" is the Turkic word, it means "small things" in figurative sense.).

In Sarai-Berk, the capital of the Golden Horde, the Russians established a big trade colony and started the trade being protected by the Mongols. The fact that Russian trade was established with assistance of the Great Steppe is witnessed by the list of words relating to trade, finances, goods, storage and transportation. The whole merchant trade has Turkic roots.

There were no Russian "trade" words. It is evident even from the notes by Athanasius Nikitin. Of course he wasn't the first Russian merchant who has seen the foreign lands, but he was the first one who wrote about them. It seems all other merchants were undereducated. Turkic words stand near the Russian ones in his notes. But academic Russia stubbornly rejects the evident calling bilingual writing "macaronic language". They say "Turkic slang was the spoken language among the merchants"… Even the evident is presented with slyness.

But here is an extract from the text by Athanasius Nikitin: "And in India "pachektur, a uchyuze-dzer: sikish ilarsen iki shitel; akechany ilya atrsenyatle zhetel ber; bulara dostor: a kul karavash uchyuz char funa khub bem funa khubesia; kapkara am chyuk kichi khosh". In what language was this text written? Where are the Turkic slang and Russian spoken language?

And here is the translation: In India "women are considered to be cheap and inexpensive: if you want to get acquainted - that would cost two shetels; want to give money for "nothing" - you'll have to give six shetels. That is their custom. Slaves, both male and female, are cheap: four funs - good, five funs - good and black…".

In the notes by Athanasius Nikitin Turkic and Russian words stand near each other; they are like the hands of one person. Because two nations lived close to each other; bilingual speaking was normal for communication between a learner and a teacher.

We can take other examples. It's the same everywhere: examples of cooperation between the Kipchaks and the Moscovites. For instance the word "treasury" is a direct borrowing, money and customs come from the word "tamga" which meant a state seal put on the goods as a sign of customs payment. Tchervonets is from "shirvana" (golden coin). Goods (articles of trade) meant "cattle" or "property". Comrade means "business partner", "assistant". Share, suitcase, trunk, bag… The same can be said about the words relating to clothes of a traveling merchant - pocket, trousers, hat, cap, caftan, boot, heel and dozens of others. The same is with the words relating to transport and communications of those times: driver, post, cart, tilt cart, hut, tarantass. Even the word "book" was borrowed when drowsing Russia, having taken off its bast shoes, was ready for international examination.

That's what the Russians have got due to the "Tatar-Mongol yoke". And prosperous Moscow in addition!